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Phryne Before the Areopagus
Phryne Before the Areopagus
Artist	Jean-Léon Gérôme
Year	1861
Medium	Oil on canvas
Dimensions	80.5 cm × 128 cm (31.7 in × 50 in)
Location	Kunsthalle Hamburg, Hamburg

Phryne Before the Areopagus (French: Phryne devant l'Areopage) is an 1861 painting by the French artist Jean-Léon Gérôme. The subject matter is Phryne, an ancient Greek hetaira (courtesan) who was put on trial for impiety. Phryne was acquitted after her defender Hypereides removed her robe and exposed her naked bosom, "to excite the pity of her judges by the sight of her beauty."^[1]

The painting was exhibited at the 1861 Salon.^[2] It is in the collection of the Kunsthalle Hamburg in Germany.

Context

Phryne was an ancient Greek hetaira (courtesan), best known for her trial for impiety in which, according to legend, the jury was persuaded by the sight of her naked breasts to spare her. Phryne was a popular subject for eighteenth- and nineteenth-century French artists, who emphasised her status as a courtesan and usually depicted her nude. From the mid-eighteenth century, artists such as Jean-Baptiste-Henri Deshays had depicted the trial of Phryne, and following Jacques-Louis David's charcoal drawing on the theme in 1818, they had increasingly focused on depicting her nakedness before her judges. Gérôme's version was immediately influenced by works by Charles Gleyre, in whose studio Gérôme had previously worked, and Victor Mottez.^[3]

Painting

Gérôme's painting depicts Phryne standing nude, her hands covering her face.^[4] Hypereides, shown standing to the left of the painting, holds Phryne's robe; the jurors sit on the right hand side.^[5]

Gérôme used Marie-Christine Leroux as a model for Phryne.^[6] The work was exhibited at the 1861 Salon de Paris.^[7] Since 1910 it has been in the collection of the Hamburger Kunsthalle.^[8]

Reception

Gérôme's Phryne Before the Areopagus was the most famous nineteenth-century depiction of Phryne. It was controversial for showing her covering her face in shame, in the same pose that he used in several paintings of slaves in Eastern slave-markets.^[9] Driven by this controversy, Gérôme's painting was widely reproduced and caricatured, with engravings by Léopold Flameng, a bronze by Alexandre Falguière, and a painting by Paul Cézanne all modelled after Gérôme's Phryne.^[10] By the end of the century, Gérôme's painting of Phryne and the various works inspired by it had made Phryne an "international cultural icon".^[11]

Bernhard Gillam made a famous caricature drawing in 1884 titled Phryne Before the Chicago Tribunal, where Phryne is replaced by the Republican Party presidential candidate James G. Blaine, covered in scandals, and Hypereides by the newspaper editor Whitelaw Reid. Teddy Roosevelt can be seen in the front row.^[12]

Another caricature followed in 1908, The High Tariff Phryne Before the Tribunal.^[13]

1884: Phryne before the Chicago Tribunal by Bernhard Gillam, Puck, v. 15, no. 378 (4 June 1884)
1908: The High Tariff Phryne Before the Tribunal by Udo J. Keppler, Puck, v. 64, no. 1658 (9 December 1908)

References

^ C. D. Yonge (1854). "Athenaeus: The Deipnosophists". Retrieved 4 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Ackerman, Gerald M. (1986). The Life and Work of Jean-Léon Gérôme: with a Catalogue Raisonné. London; New York: Sotheby's Publications. p. 25. ISBN 9780856673115.
^ McClure, Laura (2024). Phryne of Thespiae: Courtesan, Muse, and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 9780197580882.
^ Funke, Melissa (2024). Phryne: A Life in Fragments. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 115. ISBN 9781350371873.
^ McClure, Laura (2024). Phryne of Thespiae: Courtesan, Muse, and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 9780197580882.
^ Funke, Melissa (2024). Phryne: A Life in Fragments. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 116. ISBN 9781350371873.
^ Funke, Melissa (2024). Phryne: A Life in Fragments. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 114. ISBN 9781350371873.
^ "Sammlung Online: Phryne vor den Richtern". Hamburger Kunsthalle. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
^ Ryan, Judith (1993). "More Seductive than Phryne: Baudelaire, Gérôme, Rilke, and the Problem of Autonomous Art". PMLA. 108 (5): 1134–1135. doi:10.2307/462990. JSTOR 462990.
^ Ryan 1993, pp. 1135–1136.
^ McClure, Laura (2024). Phryne of Thespiae: Courtesan, Muse, and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780197580882.
^ "Phryne before the Chicago tribunal". Retrieved 2016-10-09 – via Library of Congress.
^ "The High Tariff Phryne Before the Tribunal". Retrieved 2019-12-23 – via Library of Congress.

External links

Media related to Phryne revealed before the Areopagus at Wikimedia Commons

[1] C. D. Yonge (1854). "Athenaeus: The Deipnosophists". Retrieved 4 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[2] Ackerman, Gerald M. (1986). The Life and Work of Jean-Léon Gérôme: with a Catalogue Raisonné. London; New York: Sotheby's Publications. p. 25. ISBN 9780856673115.

[3] McClure, Laura (2024). Phryne of Thespiae: Courtesan, Muse, and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 9780197580882.

[4] Funke, Melissa (2024). Phryne: A Life in Fragments. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 115. ISBN 9781350371873.

[5] McClure, Laura (2024). Phryne of Thespiae: Courtesan, Muse, and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 9780197580882.

[6] Funke, Melissa (2024). Phryne: A Life in Fragments. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 116. ISBN 9781350371873.

[7] Funke, Melissa (2024). Phryne: A Life in Fragments. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 114. ISBN 9781350371873.

[8] "Sammlung Online: Phryne vor den Richtern". Hamburger Kunsthalle. Retrieved 10 October 2024.

[9] Ryan, Judith (1993). "More Seductive than Phryne: Baudelaire, Gérôme, Rilke, and the Problem of Autonomous Art". PMLA. 108 (5): 1134–1135. doi:10.2307/462990. JSTOR 462990.

[FOOTNOTERyan19931135–1136-10] Ryan 1993, pp. 1135–1136.

[11] McClure, Laura (2024). Phryne of Thespiae: Courtesan, Muse, and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780197580882.

[12] "Phryne before the Chicago tribunal". Retrieved 2016-10-09 – via Library of Congress.

[13] "The High Tariff Phryne Before the Tribunal". Retrieved 2019-12-23 – via Library of Congress.

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Phryne Before the Areopagus

Context

Painting

Reception

References

External links

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