Photophore

A photophore is a glandular organ that appears as luminous spots on marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye, equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters, and reflectors; unlike an eye, however, it is optimized to produce light, not absorb it.^[1]

Mechanism

The bioluminescence can be produced from compounds during the digestion of prey, from specialized mitochondrial cells in the organism called photocytes ("light producing" cells), or, similarly, associated with symbiotic bacteria in the organism that are cultured.^{[citation needed]}

The character of photophores is important in the identification of deep sea fishes. Photophores on fish are used for attracting food or for camouflage from predators by counter-illumination.^{[citation needed]}

Photophores are found on some cephalopods including the firefly squid, which can create impressive light displays, as well as numerous other deep sea organisms, such as the pocket shark Mollisquama mississippiensis and the strawberry squid.^[1]^[2]

Photophore examples in nature

Arrangement of various photophores on the squid Lycoteuthis lorigera.
Photophores on a lanternfish, the most common deep sea fish worldwide.
This anglerfish has a dorsal fin whose first ray has become very long and is tipped with a luminous photophore fishing lure.

References

^ ^a ^b Young, Richard E.; Vecchione, Michael; Mangold, Katharina M. (1999). "Cephalopod Photophore Terminology". Tree of Life Project. Archived from the original on 2019-01-26. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
^ Scribner, Herb (2019-07-23). "This glow-in-the-dark shark was recently discovered. Here's what we know". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 2023-04-02. Retrieved 2020-08-06.

External links

Cephalopod anatomy

Shell

Types

External	Ammonoid shell Argonautid eggcase Nautiloid shell Orthocone
Internal	Belemnoid guard Cirrate shell Cuttlebone Gladius (pen) Spirula shell Stylet

Features

External	Aperture Apex Callus Lirae Periostracum Sculpture Spire Sutures Umbilicus
Internal	Body chamber Camerae Nacre Phragmocone Septa Siphuncle Whorls

Mantle &
funnel

External anatomy	Dermal structures Fins (wings) Flotation devices ("secondary fins") Funnel–mantle locking apparatus Tail
Internal anatomy	Branchial hearts Ctenidia (gills) Hepatopancreas (digestive gland) Ink sac and ink Needham's sac Nephridia ("kidneys") Nidamental glands Osphradium Pericardial glands

Head &
limbs

Brachial crown	Arms Hectocotylus Tentacles Carpus Dactylus Manus Suckers and hooks
Buccal region	Aptychus Beak Odontophore Radula Spadix and antispadix
Occipital region	Nuchal crest (occipital crest) Nuchal folds (occipital folds) Occipital membrane Olfactory organ Nuchal organ
Other parts	Eyes Statocysts

General

Chromatophores
Photophores
Nervous system
- Squid giant axon
- Squid giant synapse

Developmental stages: Spawn → Paralarva (Doratopsis stage) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult • Egg fossils • Protoconch (embryonic shell)

Aquatic ecosystems

General components and freshwater ecosystems

General	Acoustic ecology Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic adaptation Aquatic animal Insect Mammal Water bird Aquatic biomonitoring Aquatic plant Aquatic population dynamics Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Aquatic science Aquatic toxicology Benthos Bioluminescence Biomass Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Dead zone Ecohydrology Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Macrobenthos Meiobenthos Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Productivity Ramsar Convention Sediment trap Shoaling and schooling Siltation Spawn Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems Substrate Thermal pollution Trophic level Underwater camouflage Water column Zooplankton
Freshwater	Freshwater biology Freshwater biome Freshwater environmental quality parameters Freshwater fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake ecosystem Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis River ecosystem Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland Bog Brackish marsh Fen Freshwater marsh Freshwater swamp forest
Ecoregions	List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) Africa and Madagascar Latin America and the Caribbean List of marine ecoregions Specific examples Everglades Maharashtra North Pacific Subtropical Gyre San Francisco Estuary

Marine ecosystems

General

Marine life

Census of Marine Life Deep-sea community Deep-water coral Marine fungi Marine invertebrates Marine larval ecology Seagrass Seashore wildlife Wild fisheries
Microorganisms	Marine bacteriophage Marine prokaryotes Marine protists Marine viruses Paradox of the plankton
Vertebrates	Marine mammal Marine reptile Saltwater fish Coastal fish Coral reef fish Deep-sea fish Demersal fish Pelagic fish Seabird

Marine habitats

Conservation

Fish

About fish

Anatomy
and
physiology

Sensory
systems

Reproduction

Locomotion

Other
behaviour

By habitat

Other types

Commerce

Farming	Carp Catfish Octopus Salmonids Tilapia
Wild fisheries	Predatory billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal cod flatfish pollock

Major groups

Jawless
- hagfish
- lampreys
Cartilaginous
- chimaeras
- sharks
- rays
Bony
- spiny-finned
- fleshy-finned

Lists

Category
WikiProject

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