Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylserine

Components of phosphatidylserines:
Blue, green: variable fatty acid groups
Black: glycerol
Red: phosphate
Purple: serine
Identifiers
ChEBI
ChemSpider
  • none
DrugBank
KEGG
UNII
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid and is a component of the cell membrane.[1] It plays a key role in cell cycle signaling, specifically in relation to apoptosis. It is a key pathway for viruses to enter cells via apoptotic mimicry.[2] Its exposure on the outer surface of a membrane marks the cell for destruction via apoptosis.[3]

Structure

Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid—more specifically a glycerophospholipid—which consists of two fatty acids attached in ester linkage to the first and second carbon of glycerol and serine attached through a phosphodiester linkage to the third carbon of the glycerol.[4]

Phosphatidylserine sourced from plants differs in fatty acid composition from that sourced from animals.[5] It is commonly found in the inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet of biological membranes.[6] It is almost entirely found in the inner monolayer of the membrane with only less than 10% of it in the outer monolayer.

Biosynthesis

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is the major acidic phospholipid class that accounts for 13–15% of the phospholipids in the human cerebral cortex.[7] In the plasma membrane, PS is localized exclusively in the cytoplasmic leaflet where it forms part of protein docking sites necessary for the activation of several key signaling pathways. These include the Akt, protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf-1 signaling that is known to stimulate neuronal survival, neurite growth, and synaptogenesis.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Modulation of the PS level in the plasma membrane of neurons has a significant impact on these signaling processes.

Composition

Biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylserine is formed in bacteria (such as E. coli) through a displacement of cytidine monophosphate (CMP) through a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl functional group of serine. CMP is formed from CDP-diacylglycerol by PS synthase. Phosphatidylserine can eventually become phosphatidylethanolamine by the enzyme PS decarboxylase (forming carbon dioxide as a byproduct).[6] Similar to bacteria, yeast can form phosphatidylserine in an identical pathway.

In mammals, phosphatidylserine is instead derived from phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine through one of two Ca2+-dependent head-group exchange reactions in the endoplasmic reticulum. Both reactions require a serine but produce an ethanolamine or choline, respectively. These are promoted by phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PSS1) or 2 (PSS2).[6] Conversely, phosphatidylserine can also give rise to phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, although in animals the pathway to generate phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylserine only operates in the liver.[14]

Role in Cognitive Function

PS has been studied for its potential in improving memory, learning, and concentration. Supplementation with PS has been shown to have little effect in enhancing cognitive performance in the elderly and individuals with cognitive decline.[15]

Role in Apoptosis

Phosphatidylserine plays a crucial role in the process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. During apoptosis, PS translocates from the inner to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, serving as a signal for phagocytic cells to engulf the dying cell.[16]

Dietary sources

The average daily phosphatidylserine intake in a Western diet is estimated to be 130 mg.[17] Phosphatidylserine may be found in meat and fish. Only small amounts are found in dairy products and vegetables, with the exception of white beans and soy lecithin. Phosphatidylserine is found in soy lecithin at about 3% of total phospholipids.[18]

Table 1. Phosphatidylserine content in different foods.[19]

Food Content in mg/100 g
Soy lecithin 1,650
Atlantic mackerel 480
Chicken heart 414
Atlantic herring 360
Eel 335
Offal (average value) 305
Pig's spleen 239
Pig's kidney 218
Tuna 194
Chicken leg, with skin, without bone 134
Chicken liver 123
White beans 107
Soft-shell clam 87
Chicken breast, with skin 85
Mullet 76
Veal 72
Beef 69
Pork 57
Pig's liver 50
Turkey leg, without skin or bone 50
Turkey breast without skin 45
Crayfish 40
Cuttlefish 31
Atlantic cod 28
Anchovy 25
Whole grain barley 20
European hake 17
European pilchard (sardine) 16
Trout 14
Rice (unpolished) 3
Carrot 2
Ewe's Milk 2
Cow's Milk (whole, 3.5% fat) 1
Potato 1

Supplementation

Health claims

A panel of the European Food Safety Authority concluded that a cause and effect relationship cannot be established between the consumption of phosphatidylserine and "memory and cognitive functioning in the elderly", "mental health/cognitive function" and "stress reduction and enhanced memory function".[5] This conclusion follows because bovine brain cortex- and soy-based phosphatidylserine are different substances and might, therefore, have different biological activities. Therefore, the results of studies using phosphatidylserine from different sources cannot be generalized.[5]

Cognition

In May, 2003 the Food and Drug Administration gave "qualified health claim" status to phosphatidylserine thus allowing labels to state "consumption of phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of dementia and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly" along with the disclaimer "very limited and preliminary scientific research suggests that phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly."[20][21][citation needed][failed verification] According to the FDA, there is a lack of scientific agreement amongst qualified experts that a relationship exists between phosphatidylserine and cognitive function.[20]

More recent reviews have suggested that the relationship may be more robust,[22][better source needed][23][failed verification] though the mechanism remains unclear.[24] A 2020 review of three clinical trials found that phosphatidylserine is likely effective for enhancing cognitive function in older people with mild cognitive impairment.[25][failed verification][better source needed] Some studies have suggested that whether the phosphatidylserine is plant- or animal-derived may have significance, with the FDA's statement applying specifically to soy-derived products.[20][26][failed verification][27][28][29]

Safety

Initially, phosphatidylserine supplements were derived from bovine cortex. However, due to the risk of potential transfer of infectious diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (or "mad cow disease"), soy-derived supplements became an alternative.[26] A 2002 safety report determined supplementation in elderly people at a dosage of 200 mg three times daily to be safe.[30] Some manufacturers of phosphatidylserine use sunflower lecithin instead of soy lecithin as a source of raw material production.

References

  1. ^ Kannan, Muthukumar; Riekhof, Wayne R.; Voelker, Dennis R. (2015). "Transport of Phosphatidylserine from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Site of Phosphatidylserine Decarboxylase2 in Yeast". Traffic. 16 (2): 123–134. doi:10.1111/tra.12236. ISSN 1600-0854. PMID 25355612.
  2. ^ Meertens L, Carnec X, Lecoin MP, Ramdasi R, Guivel-Benhassine F, Lew E, Lemke G, Schwartz O, Amara A (October 2012). "The TIM and TAM families of phosphatidylserine receptors mediate dengue virus entry". Cell Host & Microbe. 12 (4): 544–57. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.08.009. PMC 3572209. PMID 23084921.
  3. ^ Glade, Michael J.; Smith, Kyl (June 2015). "Phosphatidylserine and the human brain". Nutrition. 31 (6): 781–786. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.014. ISSN 0899-9007.
  4. ^ Nelson D, Cox M (2008). Lehninger Principles of biochemistry (5 ed.). W.H Freeman and company. pp. 350. ISBN 9781429208925.
  5. ^ a b c EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2010-10-01). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to phosphatidyl serine (ID 552, 711, 734, 1632, 1927) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006". EFSA Journal. 8 (10): 1749. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1749. ISSN 1831-4732.
  6. ^ a b c Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M.; Hoskins, Aaron; Lehninger, Albert L. (16 March 2021). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (8th ed.). New York: Macmillan International, Higher Education. ISBN 978-1-319-38149-3. OCLC 1249676451.
  7. ^ Svennerholm, Lars (September 1968). "Distribution and fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides in normal human brain" (PDF). Journal of Lipid Research. 9 (5): 570–579. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)42702-6. PMID 4302302. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  8. ^ Akbar, Mohammed; Calderon, Frances; Wen, Zhiming; Kim, Hee-Yong (2005-08-02). "Docosahexaenoic acid: a positive modulator of Akt signaling in neuronal survival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (31): 10858–10863. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10210858A. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502903102. PMC 1182431. PMID 16040805.
  9. ^ Huang, Bill X.; Akbar, Mohammed; Kevala, Karl; Kim, Hee-Yong (2011-03-21). "Phosphatidylserine is a critical modulator for Akt activation". Journal of Cell Biology. 192 (6): 979–992. doi:10.1083/jcb.201005100. PMC 3063130. PMID 21402788. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  10. ^ Kim, Hee-Yong; Akbar, Mohammed; Lau, Audrey; Edsall, Lisa (2000-11-10). "Inhibition of neuronal apoptosis by docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3): Role of phosphatidylserine in antiapoptotic effect". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (45): 35215–35223. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004446200. PMID 10903316. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  11. ^ Kim, Hee-Yong (2007-06-29). "Novel metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid in neural cells". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (26): 18661–18665. doi:10.1074/jbc.R700015200. PMID 17488715. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  12. ^ Kim, Hee-Yong; Akbar, Mohammed; Kim, Yang-Suk (2010). "Phosphatidylserine-dependent neuroprotective signaling promoted by docosahexaenoic acid". Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 82 (4–6): 165–172. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.025. PMC 3383770. PMID 20207120. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  13. ^ Newton, Alexandra C.; Keranen, Lisa M. (1994-05-31). "Phosphatidyl-L-serine is necessary for protein kinase C's high-affinity interaction with diacylglycerol-containing membranes". Biochemistry. 33 (21): 6651–6658. doi:10.1021/bi00187a035. PMID 8204602. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  14. ^ Christie WW (12 June 2014). "Phosphatidylcholine and Related Lipids: Structure, Occurrence, Biochemistry and Analysis" (PDF). The American Oil Chemists’ Society Lipid Library. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  15. ^ Jorissen, B.L.; Brouns, F.; Van Boxtel, M.P.J.; Ponds, R.W.H.M.; Verhey, F.R.J.; Jolles, J.; Riedel, W.J. (January 2001). "The Influence of Soy-derived Phosphatidylserine on Cognition in Age-Associated Memory Impairment". Nutritional Neuroscience. 4 (2): 121–134. doi:10.1080/1028415x.2001.11747356. ISSN 1028-415X.
  16. ^ Fadok, V A; Voelker, D R; Campbell, P A; Cohen, J J; Bratton, D L; Henson, P M (1992-04-01). "Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages". The Journal of Immunology. 148 (7): 2207–2216. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.148.7.2207. ISSN 0022-1767.
  17. ^ Souci SW, Fachmann E, Kraut H: Food Composition and Nutrition Tables. Stuttgart. 2000, Medpharm Scientific Publishers
  18. ^ Miranda, Dalva T. S. Z.; Batista, Vanessa G.; Grando, Fernanda C. C.; Paula, Fernanda M.; Felício, Caroline A.; Rubbo, Gabriella F. S.; Fernandes, Luiz C.; Curi, Rui; Nishiyama, Anita (Dec 2008). "Soy lecithin supplementation alters macrophage phagocytosis and lymphocyte response to concanavalin A: a study in alloxan-induced diabetic rats". Cell Biochemistry and Function. 26 (8): 859–865. doi:10.1002/cbf.1517. ISSN 1099-0844. PMID 18846580. S2CID 9083077.
  19. ^ Souci SW, Fachmann E, Kraut H (2008). Food Composition and Nutrition Tables. Medpharm Scientific Publishers Stuttgart.
  20. ^ a b c Taylor CL (May 13, 2003). "Phosphatidylserine and Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia (Qualified Health Claim: Final Decision Letter)". Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  21. ^ "Summary of Qualified Health Claims Subject to Enforcement Discretion - Qualified Claims About Cognitive Function". Food and Drug Administration.
  22. ^ Glade MJ, Smith K (June 2015). "Phosphatidylserine and the human brain". Nutrition. 31 (6): 781–6. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.014. PMID 25933483.
  23. ^ Poddar, Jit; Pradhan, Munmun; Ganguly, Gargi; Chakrabarti, Sasanka (2019). "Biochemical deficits and cognitive decline in brain aging: Intervention by dietary supplements". Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. 95: 70–80. doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.04.002. ISSN 0891-0618. PMID 29678666. S2CID 5014367.
  24. ^ Kim HY, Huang BX, Spector AA (October 2014). "Phosphatidylserine in the brain: metabolism and function". Progress in Lipid Research. 56: 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2014.06.002. PMC 4258547. PMID 24992464.
  25. ^ Tardner, P. (2020-08-28). "The effects of phosphatidylserine supplementation on memory function in older people: A review of clinical literature • International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology". International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  26. ^ a b Smith, Glenn (2 June 2014). "Can phosphatidylserine improve memory and cognitive function in people with Alzheimer's disease?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  27. ^ Crook TH, Klatz RM, eds. (1998). Treatment of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Effects of Phosphatidylserine in Anti-Aging Medical Therapeutics. Vol. 2. Chicago: Health Quest Publications. pp. 20–29.
  28. ^ Jorissen BL, Brouns F, Van Boxtel MP, Ponds RW, Verhey FR, Jolles J, Riedel WJ (2001). "The influence of soy-derived phosphatidylserine on cognition in age-associated memory impairment". Nutritional Neuroscience. 4 (2): 121–34. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2001.11747356. PMID 11842880. S2CID 9426593. Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
  29. ^ Kato-Kataoka A, Sakai M, Ebina R, Nonaka C, Asano T, Miyamori T (November 2010). "Soybean-derived phosphatidylserine improves memory function of the elderly Japanese subjects with memory complaints". Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition. 47 (3): 246–55. doi:10.3164/jcbn.10-62. PMC 2966935. PMID 21103034.
  30. ^ Jorissen BL, Brouns F, Van Boxtel MP, Riedel WJ (October 2002). "Safety of soy-derived phosphatidylserine in elderly people". Nutritional Neuroscience. 5 (5): 337–43. doi:10.1080/1028415021000033802. PMID 12385596. S2CID 5688203.

Read other articles:

Ashtalakshmi Stotra

Ashtalakshmi StotraIllustration of the Ashta LakshmiInformationReligionHinduismAuthorU.V. Srinivasa VaradachariyarLanguageSanskritVerses32Hindu mantraThe Ashtalakshmi Stotra (Sanskrit: अष्टलक्ष्मीस्तोत्रम्, romanized: Aṣṭalakṣmīstotraṃ), also rendered the Ashta Lakshmi Stotram, is a Hindu mantra. It extols the eight aspects of the goddess Lakshmi, designated as the Ashta Lakshmi,[1] regarded to represent the eight forms of wealth.&...

 

 

Taspin Hasan

Taspin Hasan Pa Sahli Tk. III Bidang Ekkudag Panglima TNIMasa jabatan31 Januari 2023 – 27 April 2023 PendahuluAndi KustoroPenggantiFachri AdamyKomandan Komando Pasukan Gerak Cepat ke-29Masa jabatan9 Juni 2022 – 31 Januari 2023 PendahuluEris Widodo YuliastonoPenggantiWahyu Hidayat SudjatmikoWakil Komandan Komando Pasukan Gerak CepatMasa jabatan30 Oktober 2018 – 9 Juni 2022 PendahuluEris Widodo YuliastonoPenggantiBudi SumarsonoKasgartap II/BandungMasa jabata...

 

 

Transportation engineering

Academic discipline and occupational field This article is about transportation engineering. For transportation planning, see transportation planning. The article's lead section may need to be rewritten. Please help improve the lead and read the lead layout guide. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The engineering of this roundabout in Bristol, England, attempts to make traffic flow free-moving Transportation engineering or transport engineering is the applic...

Apple GS/OS

Apple IIGS operating system This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Apple GS/OS – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) GS/OSThe IIGS Finder running within GS/OSDeveloperApple ComputerOS familyGS/OSWorking stateHistoricSource model...

 

 

Brock Badgers

Brock BadgersUniversityBrock UniversityAssociationU SportsConferenceOntario University AthleticsAthletic directorMelissa KristLocationSt. Catharines, OntarioArenaCanada Games ParkBaseballGeorge Taylor FieldOther venuesBob Davis GymnasiumMascotBoomer the BadgerNicknameBadgersColoursBlue     Websitewww.gobadgers.ca The Brock Badgers are the athletics teams that represent Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario. To date, the Badgers have won 47 National Championships...

 

 

Oropos

OroposΩρωπός Letak Koordinat 38°18′N 23°45′E / 38.300°N 23.750°E / 38.300; 23.750Koordinat: 38°18′N 23°45′E / 38.300°N 23.750°E / 38.300; 23.750 Zona waktu: EET/EEST (UTC+2/3) Ketinggian: 45 m (148 ft) Pemerintah Negara: Yunani Periferal: Attika Statistik penduduk (pada 2001[1]) Kotamadya  - Jumlah penduduk: 33.448  - Luas: 317,5 km² (123 sq mi)  - Kepadatan: ...

Lee Tae-ran

Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Lee. Lee Tae-ranLahir25 Maret 1975 (umur 49)Yeonggwang County, Jeolla Selatan, Korea SelatanKebangsaanKorea SelatanAlmamaterUnversitas HanyangPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1997 – sekarangAgenSTAR PAGE EntertainmentTinggi170 m (557 ft 9 in)Suami/istriShin Seung-hwan (m. 2014)Nama KoreaHangul이태란 Alih AksaraI Tae-nanMcCune–ReischauerI T'ae-nan Lee Tae-ran (Hangul: 이태란; lahir 25 Maret 1975) adalah aktris asal Kor...

 

 

Negara Bagian Mon

Mon State မွန်ပြည်နယ်Negara BagianTranskripsi မွန်ပြည်နယ် • Bahasa Burmamwan pranynai BenderaLokasi Mon State di MyanmarNegara MyanmarWilayahSelatan (South)IbukotaMawlamyaing (Mon:Matmalom)Luas • Total12.155 km2 (4,693 sq mi)Populasi (2020) • Total2.466.000 • Kepadatan200/km2 (530/sq mi)Demografi • EtnisMon, Bamar, Anglo-Burma, Chin, Kachin, Kayin, Rakhine...

 

 

أورنج المغرب

أورنج المغربأورنج المغربالشعارمعلومات عامةالبلد  المغربالتأسيس 1999 (تحت اسم ميدي تيليكوم أو ميديتل)النوع اتصالاتالشكل القانوني شركة مساهمة عامة (S.A) المقر الرئيسي الدار البيضاء، المملكة المغربيةموقع الويب orange.ma المنظومة الاقتصاديةالشركة الأم أورنجالصناعة صناعة الاتص...

Miqdad ibn Aswad

Companion (Sahaba) of Muhammad (died c. 652 CE) Abu Ma'badMiqdad ibn Amr al-Bahrani المقداد بن عمرو ٱلْبَهْرَانِيّal-BadriBornEastern ArabiaHadhramaut, YemenDied33 AHDamascus, Syria / al-Jurf, west of MedinaBurial placeDamascus[1]/al Jufr, Medina[2]Other namesMiqdad ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi (Arabic: المقداد بن الأسود ٱلْكِنْدِيّ)Employer(s)Muhammad, Abu Bakar, UmarOrganizationRashidun caliphateKnown for Companion of t...

 

 

Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)

River in Mississippi and Louisiana, United States For other uses, see Pearl River (disambiguation). Pearl RiverThe Pearl River in Hinds County, MississippiPearl RiverLocationCountryUnited StatesStatesMississippiLouisianaCountiesHindsRankinCopiahSimpsonLawrenceMarionPearl RiverHancockParishesWashingtonSt. TammanyPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationNeshoba County, Mississippi • coordinates32°53′56″N 89°00′53″W / 32.8...

 

 

Big Four (Western Europe)

Refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom Big Four FranceGermanyItalyUnited Kingdom The Big Four, also known as G4, refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom.[1] France and the United Kingdom are official nuclear-weapon states and are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power of veto, which enables any one of them to prevent the adoption of any substantive draft Council resolution, regardless of its level of international suppo...

Lieutenant Governor of Indiana

Constitutional office in the US State of Indiana. Lieutenant Governor of IndianaSeal of IndianaIncumbentSuzanne Crouchsince January 9, 2017Government of IndianaStyleMadam Lieutenant GovernorTerm length4 years(term limited to serving no more than eight years in any twelve-year period)Inaugural holderChristopher HarrisonNovember 7, 1816FormationConstitution of Indiana1816Salary$103,076Websitehttp://www.in.gov/lg/ The lieutenant governor of Indiana is a constitutional office in the US state...

 

 

SAVAK

Sazeman-e Ettela'at va Amniyat-e KeshvarInformasi lembagaDibentuk1957Dibubarkan1979Lembaga penggantiKantor Intelijen Perdana MenteriKantor pusatTeheranPegawai5000 pada puncaknya[1]MenteriIntelijenPejabat eksekutifTeymur Bakhtiar (Pertama)Nasser Moghadam (Terakhir) SAVAK (Persia: ساواک‎, singkatan dari سازمان اطلاعات و امنیت کشور Sāzemān-e Ettelā'āt va Amniyat-e Keshvar, secara harfiah Organisasi Keamanan dan Intelijen Nasional) adalah dinas po...

 

 

Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Neuroscience/Archive 4

This page is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. Brain function Hi neuroscientists, I'm working on a Czech Wikipedia article on Brain (cs:mozek) and I got stuck with the Brain function chapter. I looked at the English article but the corresponding chapter seems to be a rather low-quality one as it rather mentions neurotransmitter system. It needs an all-vertebr...

Pandemia de COVID-19 na Oceania

Pandemia de COVID-19 na Oceania Pandemia de COVID-19 na Oceania Doença COVID-19 Vírus SARS-CoV-2 Origem Wuhan, Hubei, China[1] Local Oceania, com 3 países e territórios Início 25 de janeiro de 2020 em Melbourne, Austrália Estatísticas globais Casos confirmados 13 942 249[2] Mortes 25 748 Casos que recuperaram 13 797 790 Parte de uma série sobre aPandemia de COVID-19Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each ball is an atom. SARS-CoV-2 (vírus)C...

 

 

Baby (LL Cool J song)

2008 single by LL Cool J featuring The-DreamBabySingle by LL Cool J featuring The-Dreamfrom the album Exit 13 ReleasedJuly 22, 2008 (2008-07-22)Recorded2008GenreHip hop, R&BLength4:07LabelDef JamSongwriter(s)James Smith, Terius Nash, Christopher StewartProducer(s)Tricky StewartLL Cool J singles chronology Cry (2008) Baby (2008) The-Dream singles chronology Please Excuse My Hands(2008) Baby(2008) Cookie Jar(2008) Baby is the third single from rapper LL Cool J's thirt...

 

 

العلاقات الكندية الماليزية

العلاقات الكندية الماليزية كندا ماليزيا   كندا   ماليزيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الكندية الماليزية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين كندا وماليزيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة كندا ما...

Gerry Mulligan

Gerry Mulligan Gerry MulliganInformación personalNombre de nacimiento Gerald Joseph Mulligan Nacimiento 6 de abril de 1927Nueva York (EE. UU.)Fallecimiento 20 de enero de 1996 (68 años)Darien (Estados Unidos) Nacionalidad EstadounidenseFamiliaPareja Judy Holliday EducaciónEducado en West Philadelphia Catholic High School Información profesionalOcupación instrumentista, arreglistaAños activo 1944-1996Género CoolInstrumentos saxo barítono,Discográfica Pacific Jazz Records Sitio web www...

 

 

リートリム県

リートリム県Contae LiatromaCounty Leitrim カウンティ（県） 紋章 北緯54度7分1.2秒 西経8度0分0秒 / 北緯54.117000度 西経8.00000度 / 54.117000; -8.00000座標: 北緯54度7分1.2秒 西経8度0分0秒 / 北緯54.117000度 西経8.00000度 / 54.117000; -8.00000国 アイルランド地方 コノート国民議会下院 スライゴ＝レイトリム欧州議会 ミッドランド北西部県都 キャリック＝オン...