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A pew (/ˈpjuː/) is a long bench seat or enclosed box, used for seating members of a congregation or choir in a church, or sometimes a courtroom. Occasionally, they are also found in live performance venues (such as the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, which was formerly a church). In Christian churches of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions, kneelers are an essential part of the pew, that are used during various parts of the liturgy.^[1]

Overview

Box pews in St John the Baptist King's Norton, Leicestershire

Jacobean bench end carvings in St Kenelm's Church, Sapperton, Gloucestershire, England

The first backless stone benches began to appear in English churches in the thirteenth century, originally placed against the walls of the nave. Over time, they were brought into the centre of the room, first as moveable furniture and later fixed to the floor. Wooden benches replaced the stone ones from the fourteenth century and became common in the fifteenth.^[2]

Churches were not commonly furnished with permanent pews before the Protestant Reformation.^[3] The rise of the sermon as a central act of Christian worship, especially in Protestantism, made the pew a standard item of church furniture.^[4] Hence the use or avoidance of pews could be used as a test of the high or low character of a Protestant church: describing a mid-19th century conflict between Henry Edward Manning and Archdeacon Hare, Lytton Strachey remarks with characteristic irony, "Manning had been removing the high pews from the church in Brighton, and putting in open benches in their place. Everyone knew what that meant; everyone knew that the high pew was one of the bulwarks of Protestantism, and that an open bench had upon it the taint of Rome".^[5]

In some churches, pews were installed at the expense of the congregants, and were their personal property; there was no general public seating in the church itself. In these churches, pew deeds recorded title to the pews, and were used to convey them. Pews were originally purchased from the church by their owners under this system, and the purchase price of the pews went to the costs of building the church. When the pews were privately owned, their owners sometimes enclosed them in lockable pew boxes, and the ownership of pews was sometimes controversial, as in the case of B. T. Roberts: a notice that the pews were to be free in perpetuity was sometimes erected as a condition of building grants.^[6]

Certain areas of the church were considered to be more desirable than others, as they might offer a better view of services or, indeed, might make a certain family or person more prominent or visible to their neighbours during these services. During the late medieval and early modern period, attendance at church was legally compulsory, so the allocation of a church's pews offered a public visualisation of the social hierarchy within the whole parish. At this time many pews had been handed down through families from one generation to the next. Alternatively, wealthier inhabitants often expected more prestigious seating in reward for contribution to the material upkeep of the church, such as the erection of galleries. Disputes over pew ownership were not uncommon.^[7]^[8]

Pews are generally made of wood and arranged in rows facing the altar in the nave of a church. Usually a pathway is left between pews in the center to allow for a procession; some have benchlike cushioned seating, and hassocks or footrests, although more traditional, conservative churches usually have neither cushions nor footrests. Many pews have slots behind each pew to hold Bibles, prayer books, hymnals or other church literature. Sometimes the church may also provide stations on certain rows that allow the hearing-impaired to use headsets in order to hear the sermon. In many churches pews are permanently attached to the floor, or to a wooden platform.

In churches with a tradition of public kneeling prayer (such as the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican denominations), pews are often equipped with kneelers in front of the seating bench so members of the congregation can kneel on them instead of the floor.^[1] These kneelers essentially have long, usually padded boards which run lengthwise parallel to the seating bench of the pew. These kneeler boards may be 15 cm or so wide and elevated perhaps 10–15 cm above the floor, but dimensions can vary widely. Permanently attached kneelers are often made so they can be rotated or otherwise moved up out of the way when the congregation members are not kneeling.

Due to the prominence in European culture and usefulness, the usage of the pew has spread to many courtrooms in Europe and has additionally spread to Jewish synagogues due to trends of modelling synagogues similar to churches in Western Europe. In most old churches the family names are carved into the end of the pew to show who sat there but in some bigger cases the name of a village was carved into the end and only one person from every village came to mass every week.^{[citation needed]}

Pew rents

Until the early/mid twentieth century, it was common practice in Anglican, Catholic, and Presbyterian churches to rent pews in churches to families or individuals as a principal means of raising income. This was especially common in the United States where churches lacked government support through mandatory tithing. This enforced and demonstrated social standing within a parish.

Pew rental emerged as a source of controversy in the 1840s and 1850s, especially in the Church of England. The legal status of pew rents was, in many cases, questionable.^[9] Further, it exacerbated a problem with a lack of accommodation in churches that had been noted already in the 1810s, especially in London, and in particular by Richard Yates in his pamphlet The Church in Danger (1815) with his estimate of over 950,000 people who could not afford to worship in a parish church. St Philip's Clerkenwell, a Commissioners' church, was the first London church to break with pew rents.^[10]

William James Conybeare commented on the pew system in his "Church Parties" article in the Edinburgh Review of 1853, stating that it was the Anglicans who had adopted the slogan "Equality within the House of God".^[11] The early 19th century Commissioners' churches were only required to offer 20% free seating. Attitudes changed from the 1840s, with the High Church party turning against paid pews. By the 1860s and 1870s that view had become quite orthodox, and was supported vocally by Frederic William Farrar.^[12]

Many Anglo-Catholic parishes were founded at this time as "free and open churches" characterized by their lack of pew rentals.^[13] In mid-century reforms, pews were on occasion removed from English churches to discourage rental practices. The Free and Open Church Association was founded in 1866 by Samuel Ralph Townshend Mayer.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b Olson, Roger E. (26 May 2009). How to Be Evangelical without Being Conservative. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-29737-6. Worshipers will stand and sit and perhaps kneel in their pews (on a padded kneeling railing that pulls down from the pew in front).
^ Viola, Frank; Barna, George (2008). Pagan Christianity? Exploring the Roots of Our Church Practices. Tyndale House. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4143-4165-1. By the thirteenth century, backless benches were gradually introduced into English parish buildings. These benches were made of stone and placed against the walls. They were then moved into the body of the building (the area called the nave). At first, the benches were arranged in a semi-circle around the pulpit. Later they were fixed to the floor. on the other hand the modern pew was introduced in the fourteenth century, though it was not commonly found in churches until the fifteenth century. At that time, wooden benches supplanted the stone seats.
^ "On the Christian Life: On Chairs in Church". www.stnicholasstratford.org. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
^ "Pew - furniture". britannica.com. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
^ Lytton Strachey, 1918, Eminent Victorians; 1979 Folio Society edition p. 42.
^ E.g., Shedfield church, Hampshire.^{[citation needed]}
^ A. Mather The Politics of Place: A Study of Church Seating in Essex, c.1580-1640, Friends of the Department of English Local History, Friends Papers No. 3, Leicester (1999)
^ C. Wright, The spatial ordering of community in English church seating, c.1550-1700 PhD thesis, University of Warwick (2002)
^ Nigel Scotland (15 August 2007). Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late Victorian Britain. I.B.Tauris. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-84511-336-0. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ Nigel Scotland (2007). Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late-Victorian London. I. B. Tauris. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-84511-336-0.
^ Sydney Smith (1853). Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal. A. and C. Black. p. 309. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ Chris Brooks (1995). The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society. Manchester University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7190-4020-7. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ "Church Pews, Their Origin and Legal Incidents, by John Coke Fowler (1844)". anglicanhistory.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
^ "Mayer, Samuel Ralph Townshend" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.