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Percy Edwin Ludgate (2 August 1883 – 16 October 1922) was an Irish amateur scientist who designed the second analytical engine (general-purpose Turing-complete computer) in history.[1][2]
Life
Ludgate was born on 2 August 1883 in Skibbereen, County Cork, to Michael Ludgate and Mary McMahon.[3][2] In the 1901 census, he is listed as Civil Servant National Education (Boy Copyist) in Dublin.[4] In the 1911 census, he is also in Dublin, as a Commercial Clerk (Corn Merchant).[5] He studied accountancy at Rathmines College of Commerce, earning a gold medal based on the results of his final examinations in 1917.[6] At some date before or after then, he joined Kevans & Son, accountants.[3]
Work on analytical engine
It seems that Ludgate worked as a clerk for an unknown corn merchant, in Dublin, and pursued his interest in calculating machines at night.[6]Charles Babbage in 1843 and Ludgate in 1909 designed the only two mechanical analytical engines before the electromechanical analytical engine of Leonardo Torres Quevedo of 1920 and its few successors, and the six first-generation electronic analytical engines of 1949.
Working alone, Ludgate designed an analytical engine while unaware of Babbage's designs, although he later went on to write about Babbage's machine. Ludgate's engine used multiplication as its base mechanism (unlike Babbage's which used addition). It incorporated the first multiplier-accumulator, and was the first to exploit a multiplier-accumulator to perform division, using multiplication seeded by reciprocal, via the convergent series (1 + x)−1.
Ludgate's engine also used a mechanism similar to slide rules, but employing unique, discrete "Logarithmic Indexes" (now known as Irish logarithms),[7] as well as a novel memory system utilizing concentric cylinders, storing numbers as displacements of rods in shuttles. His design featured several other novel features, including for program control (e.g., preemption and subroutines – or microcode, depending on one's viewpoint). The design is so dissimilar from Babbage's that it can be considered a second, unique type of analytical engine, which thus preceded the third (electromechanical) and fourth (electronic) types. The engine's precise mechanism is unknown, as the only written accounts which survive do not detail its workings, although he stated in 1914 that "[c]omplete descriptive drawings of the machine exist, as well as a description in manuscript" – these have never been found.[8]
Ludgate was one of just a few independent workers in the field of science and mathematics.[citation needed] His inventions were worked on outside a lab. He worked on them only part-time, often until the early hours of the morning. Many publications refer to him as an accountant, but that came only after his 1909 analytical engine paper. Little is known about his personal life, as his only known records are his scientific writings. Prior to 2016, the best source of information about Ludgate and his significance was in the work of Professor Brian Randell.[9] Since then, further investigation is underway at Trinity College, Dublin under the auspices of the John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection.[10]
In 1960, a German patent lawyer working on behalf of IBM successfully relied on Ludgate’s 1909 paper to defeat an important 1941 patent application by the pioneering computer scientist Konrad Zuse. Had the patent been approved, Zuse would have controlled the primary intellectual property for crucial techniques that all computers now use; this would have changed his career and could well have altered the commercial trajectory of the computer industry.[11][12]
In 1991, a prize for the best final-year project in the Moderatorship in computer science course at Trinity College, Dublin – the Ludgate Prize – was instituted in his honour,[13] and in 2016 the Ludgate Hub e-business incubation centre was opened in Skibbereen, where he was born.[6]
Also in 2022, a podcast with Dr Chris Horn discussed Percy Ludgate,[16] then in October 2024 an appealing and accurate podcast on Percy Ludgate was created by Google's Gemini A.I..[17]
References
^Ludgate, Percy E. (April 1909). "On a proposed analytical machine". Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. 12 (9): 77–91.
^ abcdCoghlan, Brian; Randell, Brian (2022). Percy Ludgate (1883-1922): Ireland's First Computer Designer. The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection. pp. 1–240. ISBN978-1-911566-29-8.
^Ludgate, P. E. (1914). "Automatic calculating machines". In Ellice Martin Horsburgh (ed.). Napier tercentenary celebration: Handbook of the exhibition of Napier relics and of books, instruments, and devices for facilitating calculation. Royal Society of Edinburgh. pp. 124–127.
Ludgate, Percy E. (April 1909). "On a proposed analytical machine". Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. 12 (9): 77–91. Available on-line at: Fano.co.UK
Ludgate, P. E. (1914). "Automatic calculating machines". In Ellice Martin Horsburgh (ed.). Napier tercentenary celebration: Handbook of the exhibition of Napier relics and of books, instruments, and devices for facilitating calculation. Royal Society of Edinburgh. pp. 124–127.
"Percy E. Ludgate"(PDF). (extensive background and research document), and "related folder".. In: online catalog of The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection
Brian Coghlan (2019) "An exploration of the life of Percy Ludgate": "without animation"(PDF). and "with animation"(PDF)., presented at the West Cork History Festival 2019, Skibbereen, Ireland
Coghlan, Brian; Randell, Brian (2022). Percy Ludgate (1883-1922): Ireland's First Computer Designer. The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection. pp. 1–240. ISBN978-1-911566-29-8. (see Book Depository [3], also see BookFinder [4])
