The Zapatistas called for a gathering, called an 'encuentro' (encounter), of international grassroots movements to meet in specially constructed arenas in the Chiapas jungle to discuss common tactics, problems and solutions. Six thousand people attended, from over 40 countries, and declared that they would form "a collective network of all our particular struggles and resistances... an intercontinental network of resistance against neoliberalism... (and) for humanity".[3]
In August 1997, the European Zapatista support network called for a Second 'Encuentro' in Spain, which it had planned with the Zapatistas during the 1996 encuentro. Delegates came again of movements from around the world, such as the BrazilianLandless Workers' Movement (MST) who occupies unused land to create farms, and the other Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha-KRRS (Karnataka State Farmers Association) from India, renowned for their "cremate Monsanto" campaign, which involved burning fields of genetically modified crops.
In February 1998, movements from all continents met again, this time in Geneva, where Peoples' Global Action was launched.[4][5]
Horizontalist Structure and Organizing Model
The PGA used a horizontalist form of organizing, influenced by anarchist political models that saw the means and the ends as aligned.[6] In part its structure and mode of organizing was developed as a critique of ‘vertical’ or authoritarian movements.[7]
Major activities
Peoples' Global Action had three main types of activities. Global Days of Action, Intercontinental/International and Regional Conferences, and Caravans through which activists from one part of the world, would travel to another part of the world to build solidarity.
Global Days of Action
So far, PGA's major function has been to serve as a political space for coordinating decentralised Global Action Days around the world, to highlight the global resistance of popular movements to capitalist globalisation. The first Global Action Days, during the 2nd WTO ministerial conference in Geneva in May 1998, involved tens of thousands of people in more than 60 demonstrations and street parties on five continents.[8][9]
Groups involved in PGA have also organised global and regional conferences, workshops and other events in many regions of the world. Since the 1998 event in Geneva,[10] Global PGA conferences have been held before WTO ministerials: in Bangalore, India (1999),[11] and in Cochabamba, Bolivia (2001).
Regional Conferences have been held in Europe (Athens, Milan, Belgrade, Barcelona, Dijon, Leiden), Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Brazil, Bangladesh, New Zealand (Aotearoa) and the United States.[12]
European Conference in 2008
A Peoples' Global Action gathering in Europe took place from August 19 to September 3, in France, in a decentralised fashion in 2006. The first nine days were distributed over five sites, each with specific themes, while the last five days took place in a central location, the autonomous space « Les Tanneries » in Dijon.[13]
Caravans
In 1999, the PGA organized an Intercontinental Caravan that brought 450 representatives of grassroots movements from the Global South (particularly India, but also Brazil, Mexico, Bangladesh and Chile) to visit 12 European countries, meet with grassroots European movements and conduct joint solidarity actions.[14] The "Totally Crazy Project" was initiated by MD Nanjundaswamy and European activists.
An interview with an Indian participant from Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha
(KRRS), explained,
"We took part in 63 direct actions and 85 public meetings, and visited 38 farms ending at the G8 summit in Köln, Germany. In France we uprooted a GM rice trial with René Riesel and José Bové of the radical Confédération Paysanne (French Farmers Union), who were arrested and
sentenced to 6 months imprisonment. In Geneva we marched at the WTO office,
shouting “Kill the WTO”. In Rome we protested at the FAO headquarters, and at the G8
Summit in Germany we engaged in a laughing protest as part of a global day of action."[15]
The first version of the first PGA hallmark called for "A very clear rejection of the WTO and other trade liberalisation agreements (like APEC, the EU, NAFTA, etc.) as active promoters of a socially and environmentally destructive globalisation;)"[17] This was critiqued for being too broad, and allowing the participation of right wing/nationalist movements within the PGA. Some criticized the participation of Mike Dolan, who worked for Ralph Nader's Public Citizen consumer watchdog group, who raised funds for the PGA Caravan, and who later spoke in support of the right-wing presidential candidate Pat Buchanan. Dolan sent around a newspaper article in which Buchanan openly says: "American workers and people first." When Dolan's actions and viewpoint were criticised from the grassroots level, Michael Morrill, the coordinator of the American PGA caravan, took his side. "Let's work together when we can, work in parallel when we must, but never work against each other when our goal is the elimination of the WTO and its corporate benefactors."[18]
As a result, the PGA Hallmarks were edited in order to make opposition to capitalism, colonialism, racism and patriarchy more explicit.[19]
Nonetheless, until at least 2004, PGA events continued to attract right wing anti-globalist activists. The 2004 European PGA conference in Jajinci, Belgrade agreed that "a fascist coming as an interested individual, respecting the hallmarks and whose behaviour during the conference was fine wouldn't be a problem."[20] Although a rider was subsequently added, this controversy was fuelled by the sympathies held by Leonid Savin (the co-ordinator of the Ukraine PGA info-point) with politics of Alexander Dugin. After Savin was shown to be an activist associated with the Eurasia Party, the PGA Ukraine info-point was removed from the PGA website.[21] See also National anarchism.
Racism
The PGA, like the global justice movement more generally, was criticized for racism and Eurocentrism. One important intervention argued that people of color were marginalized in the Seattle mobilisation against the World Trade Organization.[22]
In 2001, Raj Patel and Kala Subbuswamy discussed the problem of groups like the PGA in dealing with issues of race:[23]
The principles of decentralisation and autonomy adopted by many within radical movements can also, unintentionally and remediably, be exclusionary. Many radical groups have anarchist principles behind them - non-hierarchical, consensus decision-making, often no formal structure. One problem with this is that it is often used to dismiss talk of what 'the movement' can do about issues of race and gender, on the grounds that we're not a movement, we're a collection of individuals and so we can't make decisions about the 'movement'. But UK EF!, or Peoples' Global Action, for example *are* movements, or at least networks with informal hierarchies and structures and unwritten rules. Every action involves a decision and a choice and it is important that these are open. For example, saying that we cannot exclude fascists from gatherings involves a choice - if people are allowed to say overtly racist comments, you exclude people of color, or at least prevent any chance of us feeling comfortable. This why at its last conference made explicit moves to overtly condemn discrimination
In 2002, Maria Theresa Santana, Chairperson of Moyo wa Taifa (UK) - Pan-Afrikan Women's Association attended the European PGA Conference in Leiden and expressed her anger at the Eurocentric standpoint of the PGA discussions.[24]
At the PGA regional conference in Panama (August 2003), further concerns were raised that despite anti-hierarchical intentions, a leadership was emerging which only occasionally "got down the informations to their bases", that decisions were being made by meetings in Europe "that Europeans were imposing their political reality and way to work", and that prominent activists were promoting sexist attitudes rooted in religious fundamentalism.[25]
Participating organizations
The following organizations were amongst those who participated in PGA conferences, caravans or global days of action.
Bolivia -
Coordinadora Defensa del Agua y la Vida,
COCAMTROP (El Comité de Coordinación de las seis Federaciones Campesinas de los Trópicos), Confederación Latinoamericana de Trabajadoras del Hogar.(FENATRAHOB)[1][28]
Colombia - El Proceso de Comunidades Negras (PCN), SINTRAEMCALI Sindicato de Trabajadores de las Empresas Municipales de Cali (Workers Union of Cali Municipal Enterprises);[29]
^Wood, L. J. (2005). Bridging the chasms: The case of peoples’ global action. Coalitions across borders: Transnational protest and the neoliberal order, 95-117.
^Daphi, P., Anderl, F., & Deitelhoff, N. (2022). Bridges or divides? Conflicts and synergies of coalition building across countries and sectors in the Global Justice Movement. Social Movement Studies, 21(1-2), 8-24.
^Williams, D. M. (2018). Contemporary anarchist and anarchistic movements. Sociology compass, 12(6), e12582.
^Routledge, P., Cumbers, A., & Nativel, C. (2007). Grassrooting network imaginaries: relationality, power, and mutual solidarity in global justice networks. Environment and Planning A, 39(11), 2575-2592.
^St John, G. (2008). Protestival: Global days of action and carnivalized politics in the present. Social Movement Studies, 7(2), 167-190.
^Wood, L. J. (2004). Breaking the bank & taking to the streets: How protesters target neoliberalism. journal of world-systems research, 69-89.
^Routledge, Paul, and Andrew Cumbers, 'People’s Global Action (Asia): peasant solidarity as horizontal networking?', Global Justice Networks: Geographies of Transnational Solidarity (Manchester, 2009; online edn, Manchester Scholarship Online, 19 July 2012),
^AnRo (6 April 2006). "France '06". europe.pgaconference.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
^Routledge, Paul, and Andrew Cumbers, 'People’s Global Action (Asia): peasant solidarity as horizontal networking?', Global Justice Networks: Geographies of Transnational Solidarity (Manchester, 2009; online edn, Manchester Scholarship Online, 19 July 2012),
^"Cultures of Domination: Race and Gender in Radical movements" in Restructuring and Resistance: Diverse Voices of Struggle in Western Europe, Kolya Abramsky (ed.), March 2001, ResResRev:London
^Routledge, Paul, and Andrew Cumbers, 'People’s Global Action (Asia): peasant solidarity as horizontal networking?', Global Justice Networks: Geographies of Transnational Solidarity (Manchester, 2009; online edn, Manchester Scholarship Online, 19 July 2012),
^Bustamante, M., & Fiuza, B. M. (2020). Autonomist political culture in Brazil and the Peoples’ Global Action Oral History Project. Interface: A Journal on Social Movements, 12(2)
^Routledge, P. (2004). Convergence of commons: process geographies of People’s Global Action. The Commoner, 8(1), 1-20.
