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Pendraig; Temporal range: Late Triassic, ; ~215–201 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Holotype pelvis of Pendraig milnerae
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Superfamily:	†Coelophysoidea
Genus:	†Pendraig; Spiekman et al., 2021
Species:	†P. milnerae
Binomial name
	†Pendraig milnerae; Spiekman et al., 2021

Pendraig (meaning "chief dragon" in Middle Welsh) is a genus of coelophysoid theropod dinosaur from South Wales. It contains one species, Pendraig milnerae, named after Angela Milner. The specimen was discovered in the Pant-y-Ffynnon quarry. In life it would have measured 1 m (3.3 ft) in length.^[1]^[2]^[3]

History

The holotype of Pendraig were found in the Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in Wales in 1952 by Kermack and Robinson along with the holotypes of Pantydraco and Terrestrisuchus, and were subsequently lost in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London. The fossils were originally thought to belong to a "coelurosaur" (in the outdated sense of the word) and even subsequently classified as a species of "Syntarsus" (now Megapnosaurus or Coelophysis).^[4] Recently Angela Milner and Susannah Maidment rediscovered the fossils stored with some crocodile bones (likely Terrestrisuchus). The fossils were named as representing a new genus of theropod in 2021.

Description

The holotype specimen consists of NHMUK PV R 37591, "An articulated vertebral series and pelvic girdle comprising the two posteriormost dorsal vertebrae missing most of the neural spines, the three anteriormost sacral vertebrae and a small fragment of the centrum of the fourth sacral, a complete left ilium, a largely complete left pubis missing the distal end, a left ischium missing most of the distal portion, a largely complete right pubis missing the distal end, and a right ischium missing most of the dorsal and distal portions" a left femur that is from the same individual was found disarticulated from the main block.^[1]

Classification

Spiekman et al. recover Pendraig as a coelophysoid theropod, in a polytomy with Powellvenator, Lucianovenator, and the clade comprising "Syntarsus" kayentakatae and Coelophysidae. Their analysis is shown below:

Pendraig

	"Syntarsus" kayentakatae

	Coelophysidae

Paleoecology

During the Late Triassic, the areas of southwestern Britain Pendraig was found and lived in consisted of a series of islands made from Carboniferous Limestone that had been folded and pushed upwards. The environment would have been dry forests described as similar to the Cayman Islands.^[5] Other taxa known from the Pant-y-Ffynnon quarry that would have lived alongside Pendraig include the engimatic pseudosuchian Aenigmaspina, the basal crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus, the sauropodomorphs Thecodontosaurus and Pantydraco, the rhynchocephalians Clevosaurus and Diphydontosaurus, and the gliding reptile Kuehneosaurus.^[6] Based on similar patterns on island ecosystems like Cayman Islands and Aldabra, it is likely there were large densities of these species due to a lack of known large predators and competition from other animals.

Due to its island habitat, the small size of Pendraig may result from insular dwarfism, where animals on islands get smaller to conserve resources.^[1] However, due to the specimen being sub-adult, it may or may not be the case.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Spiekman SN, Ezcurra MD, Butler RJ, Fraser NC, Maidment SC (2021). "Pendraig milnerae, a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (10): Article ID 210915. doi:10.1098/rsos.210915. PMC 8493203. PMID 34754500.
^ Ashworth, James (October 6, 2021). "New species is oldest meat-eating dinosaur found in UK". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
^ Ashworth, Jonathan (October 5, 2021). "'Chief dragon' is UK's oldest meat-eating dinosaur". BBC. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
^ Warrener, D. (1983) "An Archisaurian Fauna from a Welsh Locality". (Unpublished Ph. D. thesis in Zoology, University of London, London: 384 p).
^ Whiteside, D. I.; Marshall, J. E. A. (2008). "The age, fauna and palaeoenvironment of the Late Triassic fissure deposits of Tytherington, South Gloucestershire, UK". Geological Magazine. 145: 105–147. doi:10.1017/S0016756807003925. S2CID 129614690.
^ "Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry, Bonvilston". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.