Paul Painlevé (French:[pɔlpɛ̃ləve]; 5 December 1863 – 29 October 1933) was a French mathematician and statesman. He served twice as Prime Minister of the Third Republic: 12 September – 13 November 1917 and 17 April – 22 November 1925. His entry into politics came in 1906 after a professorship at the Sorbonne that began in 1892.
His first term as prime minister lasted only nine weeks but dealt with weighty issues, such as the Russian Revolution, the American entry into the war, the failure of the Nivelle Offensive, quelling the French Army Mutinies and relations with the British. In the 1920s as Minister of War he was a key figure in building the Maginot Line.[1] In his second term as prime minister he dealt with the outbreak of rebellion in Syria's Jabal Druze in July
1925 which had excited public and parliamentary anxiety over the general crisis of France's empire.[2]
He married Marguerite Petit de Villeneuve in 1901. Marguerite died during the birth of their son Jean Painlevé in the following year.[3]
Painlevé's mathematical work on differential equations led him to encounter their application to the theory of flight and, as ever, his broad interest in engineering topics fostered an enthusiasm for the emerging field of aviation. In 1908, he became Wilbur Wright's first airplane passenger in France and in 1909 created the first university course in aeronautics.[3]
Between 1915 and 1917, Painlevé served as French Minister for Public Instruction and Inventions. In December 1915, he requested a scientific exchange agreement between France and Britain, resulting in Anglo-French collaboration that ultimately led to the parallel development by Paul Langevin in France and Robert Boyle in Britain of the first active sonar.[12]
First period as French Prime Minister
Painlevé took his aviation interests, along with those in naval and military matters, with him when he became, in 1906, Deputy for Paris's 5th arrondissement, the so-called Latin Quarter. By 1910, he had vacated his academic posts and World War I led to his active participation in military committees, joining Aristide Briand's cabinet in 1915 as Minister for Public Instruction and Inventions.[3]
On his appointment as War Minister in March 1917 he was immediately called upon to give his approval, albeit with some misgivings, to Robert Georges Nivelle's wildly optimistic plans for a breakthrough offensive in Champagne. Painlevé reacted to the disastrous public failure of the plan by dismissing Nivelle and controversially replacing him with Henri Philippe Pétain.[13] He was also responsible for isolating the Russian Expeditionary Force in France in the La Courtine camp, located in a remote spot on the plateau of Millevaches.[14]
On 7 September 1917, Prime Minister Alexandre Ribot lost the support of the Socialists and Painlevé was called upon to form a new government.[3]
Painlevé was a leading voice at the Rapallo conference that led to the establishment of the Supreme Allied Council, a consultative body of Allied powers that anticipated the unified Allied command finally established in the following year. He appointed Ferdinand Foch as French representative knowing that he was the natural Allied commander. On Painlevé's return to Paris he was defeated and resigned on 13 November 1917 to be succeeded by Georges Clemenceau. Foch was finally named Allied generalissimo in March 1918, eventually becoming commander-in-chief of all Allied armies on the Western and Italian fronts.[3][13][15]
Second period as French Prime Minister
Painlevé then played little active role in politics until the election of November 1919 when he emerged as a leftist critic of the right-wing Bloc National. By the time the next election approached in May 1924 his collaboration with Édouard Herriot, a fellow member of Briand's 1915 cabinet, had led to the formation of the Cartel des Gauches. Winning the election, Herriot became Prime Minister in June, while Painlevé became President of the Chamber of Deputies. Though Painlevé ran for President of France in 1924 he was defeated by Gaston Doumergue. Herriot's administration publicly recognised the Soviet Union, accepted the Dawes Plan and agreed to evacuate the Ruhr. However, a financial crisis arose from the ensuing devaluation of the franc and in April 1925, Herriot fell and Painlevé became Prime Minister for a second time on 17 April. Unfortunately, he was unable to offer convincing remedies for the financial problems and was forced to resign on 21 November.[3][13][16]
Paul Painlevé in the 1920s
Later political career
Following Painlevé's resignation, Briand formed a new government with Painlevé as Minister for War. Though Briand was defeated by Raymond Poincaré in 1926, Painlevé continued in office. Poincaré stabilised the franc with a return to the gold standard, but ultimately acceded power to Briand.[3] During his tenure as Minister of War, Painlevé was instrumental in the creation of the Maginot Line. This line of military fortifications along France's Eastern border was largely designed by Painlevé, yet named for André Maginot, owing to Maginot's championing of public support and funding.[citation needed] Painlevé remained in office as Minister for War until July 1929.[3]
Though he was proposed for President of France in 1932, Painlevé withdrew before the election. He became Minister of Air later that year, making proposals for an international treaty to ban the manufacture of bomber aircraft and to establish an international air force to enforce global peace. On the fall of the government in January 1933, his political career ended.[3]
Painlevé died in Paris in October of the same year.[13] On 4 November, after a eulogy by Prime Minister Albert Sarraut, he was interred in the Panthéon.[18]
11 October 1925 – Anatole de Monzie succeeded Steeg as Minister of Justice. Yvon Delbos succeeded Monzie as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.
Painlevé's Third Ministry, 29 October – 28 November 1925
Paul Painlevé – President of the Council and Minister of Finance
Sur les lignes singulières des fonctions analytiques - 1887/On singular lines of analytic functions.
Mémoire sur les équations différentielles du premier ordre - 1892/Memory on first order differential equations.
Leçons sur la théorie analytique des équations différentielles, A. Hermann (Paris), 1897/A course on analytic theory of differential equations.
Leçons sur les fonctions de variables réelles et les développements en séries de polynômes - 1905/A course on real variable functions and polynomial development series.
Cours de mécanique et machines (Paris), 1907/A course on mechanics and machines.
Cours de mécanique et machines 2 (Paris), 1908/A course on mechanics and machines 2.
Leçons sur les fonctions définies par les équations différentielles du premier ordre, Gauthier-Villars (Paris), 1908/A course on functions defined by first order differential equations.
L'aéroplane, Lille, 1909/Aeroplane.
Cours de mécanique et machines (Paris), 1909/A course on mechanics and machines.
L'aviation, Paris, Felix Alcan, 1910/Aviation.
Les axiomes de la mécanique, examen critique; Note sur la propagation de la lumière - 1922/Mechanics axioms, a critical study; Notes on light spread.
Leçons sur la théorie analytique des équations différentielles, Hermann, Paris, 1897/A course on analytical theory of differential equations.
Trois mémoires de Painlevé sur la relativité (1921-1922)/Painlevé's three memories on relativity.
^Smart, Nick (1996). "The Maginot Line: An Indestructible Inheritance". International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2 (4): 222–233. doi:10.1080/13527259608722177.
^Thomas, Martin (2005). "Albert Sarraut, French Colonial Development, and the Communist Threat, 1919–1930". Journal of Modern History. 77 (4): 917–955. doi:10.1086/499830. S2CID146245219.
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Ablowitz, M. J. and Clarkson, P.A. (1991) Solitons, nonlinear evolution equations and inverse scattering. Cambridge University Press
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Wu, T. T.; B. M. McCoy; C. A. Tracy; E. Barouch (1976). "Spin-spin correlation functions for the two-dimensional Ising model: Exact theory in the scaling region". Physical Review B. 13 (1): 316–374. Bibcode:1976PhRvB..13..316W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.13.316.
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Jimbo, Michio; Tetsuji Miwa; Yasuko Môri; Mikio Sato (April 1980). "Density matrix of an impenetrable Bose gas and the fifth Painlevé transcendent". Physica D. 1 (1): 80–158. Bibcode:1980PhyD....1...80J. doi:10.1016/0167-2789(80)90006-8.
^Cockfield, Jamie H. (1999). With snow on their boots : the tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I (1st St. Martin's Griffin ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 137. ISBN978-0312220822.
^Keegan, John (2003). The First World War. UK: Random House. p. 403. ISBN0-7126-8040-3.
Dutton, David (1981). "Paul Painlevé and the end of the sacred union in Wartime France". Journal of Strategic Studies. 4 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1080/01402398108437065.
