Para snowboard

Para snowboard
Para snowboarder Sean Pollard competing at the 2018 Paralympics
Highest governing bodyInternational Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS)
Characteristics
ContactNo
Team membersSingle competitors or teams
Mixed-sexYes
TypeOutdoor
Equipment
VenueSki area or dry ski slope
GlossaryGlossary of skiing and snowboarding terms
Presence
Country or regionWorldwide
World ChampionshipsSince 2015
ParalympicSince 2014

Para snowboard is a winter sport consisting of racing down a snow-covered surface while standing or sitting on a snowboard. An adaptation of snowboarding for athletes with physical impairments in different classifications, it is governed by the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS). The parasport comprises five events: snowboard cross, team snowboard cross, banked slalom, dual banked slalom, and giant slalom.[1]

At the Winter Paralympic Games, Para snowboard events were included as part of the Para alpine skiing programme in 2014, and has been its own Paralympic sport since 2018. The World Para Snowboard Championships were held for the first time in 2015.[1]

History

See also: Snowboarding § History

In the 1600s, residents in the Kaçkar Mountains of Turkey used lazboards, rectangular boards with a rope attached to the front, for traversing snow. Around the same time, miners in Austria made use of a similar board called the Knappenross. In 1965, the Snurfer was developed as the precursor of the modern snowboard, initially made from binding two skis. Snowboarding then rose in popularity in the late 20th century and it was included as an Olympic sport starting with the 1998 Paralympics, partly due to its appeal to a younger demographic.[2]

Formerly called adaptive snowboard,[3][4] Para snowboard was governed by the World Snowboard Federation (WSF) until 2010, when a memorandum of understanding was signed to transfer governance to World Para Snowboard in collaboration with the WSF to continue the sport's development. At the time, World Para Snowboard also worked with the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS) on various technical aspects. Since July 2022, the sport is governed by the FIS, as is Para alpine skiing and Para cross-country skiing.[1] According to the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), "Para" should always be capitalised and followed by a space.[5]

Classification

Main article: Para-snowboarding classification

As of 1 October 2022, the IPC recognises three classifications, which is conducted by officials certified by the FIS:[6]

  • SB-LL1: more significant impairments in at least one leg. Athletes may use prostheses.[7]
  • SB-LL2: less significant impairments in at least one leg.
  • SB-UL: impairments in at least one arm.

People with impairments in both upper and lower limbs can choose to be assessed for either an upper- or a lower-limb impairment.[6]

Events

Simon Patmore competing in a banked slalom event at the 2018 Paralympics

The FIS describes the following five events:[1][8]

Competitions

The FIS sanctions Para snowboard competitions at three levels: global, continental, and national. The first level consists of the Paralympic Winter Games, the World Para Snowboard Championships, and the Para Snowboard World Cup. The second level of competitions comprises five Para Snowboard Continental Cups—the European Cup (EC), the North American Cup (NAC), the South American Cup (SAC), the Asian Cup (AC), and the Australia New Zealand Cup (ANC)—as well as the FISU World University Games. The third level includes national championships and FIS races.[9][10]

Paralympic Games

See also: List of Paralympic medalists in snowboarding

Athletes have campaigned to have Para snowboard included at the Paralympic Games since at least the early 2000s, and the sport was rejected from the 2010 Winter Paralympics.[11][12] In May 2012, the decision was made to include Para snowboard events at the 2014 Paralympics, as part of the Para alpine skiing programme.[11] Para snowboard has been its own Paralympic sport since the 2018 Paralympics, with the programme consisting of men's and women's events in banked slalom and snowboard cross.[1][13]

As of 2022, Brenna Huckaby from the United States is the most decorated female Paralympic snowboarder, with three gold medals and four total medals. Matti Suur-Hamari from Finland is the most decorated male Paralympic snowboarder, with two gold medals and four total medals. The most successful nation in Para snowboard is the United States, with a total of 21 medals (7 gold, 8 silver, 6 bronze).[13]

Risks

A study of 567 athletes at the 2022 Paralympics found the highest incidence rate of injury to be among those competing in Para snowboard, especially in competitors' lower limbs and the head and neck area.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "About Para Snowboard". International Ski and Snowboard Federation. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  2. ^ "Snowboarding". National Paralympic Heritage Trust. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  3. ^ "Para snowboard". Paralympics New Zealand. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  4. ^ Pettersen, Kate (13 March 2014). "Snowboarding takes its place in Paralympic Games". CBC Sports. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  5. ^ "IPC Guide to Para and IPC Terminology" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. August 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  6. ^ a b "FIS Para Snowboard: Classification Rules and Regulations" (PDF). International Ski and Snowboard Federation. October 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  7. ^ "Para snowboard". Canadian Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  8. ^ "The International Para Snowboard Competition Rules (ICR)" (PDF). International Ski and Snowboard Federation. October 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  9. ^ "Precisions, Information and Instructions: Para Snowboard – Northern Hemisphere" (PDF). International Ski and Snowboard Federation. November 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  10. ^ "Everything You Need To Know About Para Snowboarding". U.S. Ski & Snowboard. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  11. ^ a b "No. 42: Snowboarding added to winter Paralympic programme". International Paralympic Committee. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  12. ^ "Addition of Para-Snowboard to Paralympic Winter Games Could mean more medals for NZ". Snow Sports NZ. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  13. ^ a b "Para Snowboard". Fondazione Milano Cortina 2026. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  14. ^ Derman, Wayne; Runciman, Phoebe; Jordaan, Esme; et al. (2020). "High incidence of injuries at the Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games: a prospective cohort study of 6804 athlete days" (PDF). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54: 38–43. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100170. Retrieved 11 December 2024.