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Palmar plate
Palmar plate
	MCP joint in extension and in flexion, palmar plate in grey
Details
Identifiers
Latin	ligamenta palmaria
MeSH	D053401
TA98	A03.5.11.603
TA2	1844
FMA	71410
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

In the human hand, palmar or volar plates (also referred to as palmar or volar ligaments)^[1] are found in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints, where they reinforce the joint capsules, enhance joint stability, and limit hyperextension. The plates of the MCP and IP joints are structurally and functionally similar, except that in the MCP joints they are interconnected by a deep transverse ligament. In the MCP joints, they also indirectly provide stability to the longitudinal palmar arches of the hand. ^[2]^[3] The volar plate of the thumb MCP joint has a transverse longitudinal rectangular shape, shorter than those in the fingers. ^[4]

Structure

This fibrocartilaginous structure is attached to the volar base of the phalanx distal to the joint. From there, it forms a palmar continuation of the articular surface of the phalanx bone and its inner surface thus adds to the articular surface during extension. ^[2]

In its proximal end, the volar plate becomes membranous and blends with the volar capsule which is attached to the head of the metacarpal bone. During flexion, the plate glides proximally down the volar surface of the metacarpal head. Its flexible attachment to the phalanx bone not only prevents it from restricting joint movements, but also prevents the long flexor tendons from being pinched in the joint. ^[2] Flexion of the proximal phalanx is facilitated by the shape of the proximal edge, known as the volar recess,^[5] but this diaphanous end of the volar plate is also the part of the metacarpophalangeal joint that is most susceptible to injury during dislocations.^[6]

Due to its fibrocartilaginous composition, the plate is thus able to (1) resist tensile stresses while (2) restricting hyperextension and compression and (3) protecting the volar articular surface. ^[2]

Function

The palmar plate moves in three phases during joint flexion. First, it slides back toward the hand. Next, it is lifted away from the proximal phalanx by the A3 pulley. Last, a lip on the middle phalanx rolls into a recess on the plate. If the A3 pulley is not intact, the normal three phases of motion do not occur and instead the plate crumples.^[7]

Metacarpophalangeal joints

In the MCP joints, the four volar plates of the fingers and the capsules within which they lie are blended with and interconnected by the deep transverse metacarpal ligament which ties the metacarpal heads together. Dorsal to this ligament on each side of the metacarpal heads are sagittal bands that connect the volar plates to the tendon of the extensor digitorum and to the extensor expansion. These bands help stabilise the volar plates over the metacarpal heads. ^[2]

In contrast to the volar plates of the MCP joints of the fingers, the volar plate of the thumb MCP joint is a thick structure firmly attached to the base of the proximal phalanx. It forms the bottom of a two-sided box, the sides of which are made up of the collateral ligaments. ^[8]

Additional images

Metacarpophalangeal articulation and articulations of digit. Volar aspect.
Metacarpophalangeal articulation and articulations of digit. Ulnar aspect.

Notes

^ In older literature they are also known as the glenoid ligaments of Cruveilhier or vaginal ligaments.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Austin 2005, pp. 321–22 (MCP joints)
^ Austin 2005, p. 324 (IP joints)
^ Schmidt & Lanz 2003, p. 111
^ Berger & Weiss 2004, p. 175
^ Gammons 2008, Functional Anatomy
^ Saito, S.; Suzuki, Y. (2011). "Biomechanics of the Volar Plate of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint: A Dynamic Ultrasonographic Study". The Journal of Hand Surgery. 36 (2): 265–271. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.034. hdl:2433/159397. PMID 21276889.
^ Doyle & Botte 2003, pp. 540–41

References

Austin, Noelle M. (2005). "Chapter 9: The Wrist and Hand Complex". In Levangie, Pamela K.; Norkin, Cynthia C. (eds.). Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. ISBN 978-0-8036-1191-7.
Berger, Richard A.; Weiss, Arnold-Peter C. (2004). Hand Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-2874-4.
Doyle, James R.; Botte, Michael J. (2003). Surgical anatomy of the hand and upper extremity. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-397-51725-1.
Gammons, Matthew (2008). "Metacarpophalangeal Joint Dislocation". eMedicine. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
Schmidt, Hans-Martin; Lanz, Ulrich (2003). Surgical Anatomy of the Hand. Thieme. p. 111. ISBN 1-58890-007-X.