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Paksat-1
Names	Palapa-C1; HGS-3; Anatolia-1
Mission type	Communications
Operator	SATELINDO (1996-1998); Insurers (1998-1999); Hughes Space and Communications (1999-2011) and leased to:; Kalitel (2000-2002); SUPARCO (2002-2011)
COSPAR ID	1996-006A
SATCAT no.	23779
Website	https://indosatooredoo.com/
Mission duration	15 years (planned); 15 years (achieved)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Paksat-1
Spacecraft type	Boeing 601
Bus	HS-601
Manufacturer	Hughes Space and Communications Company
Launch mass	3,000 kg (6,600 lb)
Dry mass	1,740 kg (3,840 lb)
Dimensions	Span: 21 m (69 ft)
Power	3730 watts
Start of mission
Launch date	1 February 1996, 01:15:01 UTC
Rocket	Atlas IIAS (AC-126)
Launch site	Cape Canaveral, LC-36B
Contractor	Lockheed Martin
Entered service	20 December 2002
End of mission
Disposal	Graveyard orbit
Deactivated	2011
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit
Regime	Geostationary orbit
Longitude	113° East (1996-1998); 38° East (2002-2016)
Transponders
Band	34 transponders:; 30 C-band; 4 Ku-band
Bandwidth	36 MHz (C-band),; 72 MHz (Ku-band)
Coverage area	Pakistan, Europe, Africa, Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia
	Paksat constellation Paksat-1R →

Paksat-1,^[2] (Other former designation as Palapa-C1, HGS-3 and Anatolia-1), was a geosynchronous and communications satellite built and owned by the Boeing Company, leased to the Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) and renamed Paksat-1. It was successfully put on orbit on 1 February 1996 as Palapa-C1 for Indonesia as its original customer. But, after the technical problems, the satellite was leased to SUPARCO at an orbital location of 38° East longitude in December 2002. Paksat-1 offers the C-band and Ku-band coverage in over 75 countries across Europe, Africa, Middle East, South and Central Asia. Its customers included government organizations, television broadcasters, telecommunications companies, data and broadband internet service providers.

History

Palapa-C1

PT Satelit Palapa Indonesia (SATELINDO) chose Hughes in April 1993. It was built by Hughes Space and Communications Company for Indonesian telecommunications provider PT Satelit Palapa Indonesia (SATELINDO).^[3] It was based on the HS-601 satellite bus. Construction was done at El Segundo, California. Hughes also augmented the new master control station at Daan Mogot City near Jakarta. It had 30 C-band transponders and 4 Ku-band transponders. It was due to be located in geosynchronous orbit at 113° East above the equator.^[3]

Launch

Palapa-C1 was launched by a Atlas IIAS launch vehicle on 1 February 1996 at 01:15:01 UTC.^[4] The satellites were launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida.^[4] The liquid apogee engine of the satellite then raises it to geostationary orbit.^[5]

Later Indonesia declared the satellite unusable after an electric power anomaly. The insurance claims were paid and the title was transferred to Hughes Space and Communications Company,^[6] and renamed HGS-3, and was then acquired by Pakistan from Hughes Global Services on "Full Time Leasing" and relocated to Pakistan's reserved orbital position at 38° East.

HGS-3

Hughes Global Services purchased the satellite and renamed HGS-3.^[5]

Anatolia-1

The satellite was renamed Anatolia-1.^[5]

Paksat-1

Pakistan's government approved the acquisition on 3 July 2002^[7] and the leasing with Hughes Global Services was agreed on 6 August 2002.^[8] The satellite started moving to its new orbital position on 5 December 2002 ^[9] and it went through a name change from Anatolia-1 to Paksat-1 on 18 December 2002.^[10] After a series of orbital maneuvers, the satellite was stabilized at its final location on 20 December 2002 with 0° inclination. The satellite is in position at the Pakistani-licensed orbital location, 38° East longitude. The satellite was acquired for a cost of around five million dollars.^[11]

Mission

The services include satellite communications in both C-band and Ku-band to customers in Pakistan, Africa and the Middle East. Paksat-1's 30 C-band transponders and 4 Ku-band transponders provide total range of satellite communication capabilities.

Payload characteristics

30 C-band transponders and 4 Ku-band transponders provide the total range of satellite communications capabilities. The satellite is in a geostationary orbit at 38° East Longitude, and carries high power payloads in both bands.

Payload characteristics of PAKSAT-1 are as below:

C-Band Payload Characteristics
Number of transponders	24 in standard C-band 6 in extended C-band
Redundancy	All redundancy available
Channel bandwidth	36 MHz
Uplink frequency band	5925 MHz – 6665 MHz
Downlink frequency	band 3400 MHz – 4200 MHz
Beams	Southern regions Northern regions
Beam connectivity	All transponders can be switched independently to downlink in the southern beam. Many transponders can downlink in the northern beam. All transponders can be switched independently to uplink from either beam
Polarization	Linear crosspol
EIRP (at peak of beam)	38 dBW
G/T (at peak of beam)	+2 dB/K

Ku-band Payload Characteristics
Number of transponders	4
Redundancy	All redundancy available
Channel bandwidth	72 MHz
Uplink frequency band	13754 MHz – 14486 MHz
Downlink frequency band	10954 MHz – 11686 MHz
Beams	Southern regions, Northern regions
Beam connectivity	All transponders can be switched independently to uplink or downlink in either beam
Polarization	Linear colpol
EIRP (at peak of beam)	52 dBW
G/T (at peak of beam)	+5 dB/K

Applications

Internet backbone extension
Point-to-point data services
Remote Internet access
Broadcast services (video and data)
Business VSAT networks
Direct-to-home
Thin route telephony support
Shipboard communications

Paksat footprints

Paksat-1 has two beams each in both C-band and Ku-bands, i.e. C1, C2 and K1, K2, respectively. In C-band, C1 (Southern Beam) covers mainly African Continent and Middle East. The C2 (Northern Beam) covers South Asia, Middle East, African Continent, Central Asian States and Southern Europe. In Ku-band, K1 (Southern Beam) covers mainly Middle East and Eastern Africa. K2 (Northern Beam) covers South Asia, Middle East and Central Asian States.

C1 - Southern Beam EIRP Contours	C1 - Southern Beam G/T Contours
C2 - Northern Beam EIRP Contours	C2 - Northern Beam G/T Contours
K1 - Southern Beam EIRP Contours	K1 - Southern Beam G/T Contours
K2- Northern Beam EIRP Contours	K2- Northern Beam G/T Contours

Future projects

Telesat, one of the world's leading satellite operators, announced on 13 March 2007, that it had signed a consulting contract with the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), Pakistan's national space agency. Under the agreement, Telesat will assist SUPARCO in the procurement and launch of the Paksat-1R satellite, which will replace the existing Paksat-1 in 2010.^[12]

References

^ "SatCat". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
^ "Pakistan's Space Programme". Dr. Mohmmad Riaz Suddle, Director of the Paksat-1R programme and current executive member of the Suparco's plan and research division. SUPARCO Media Research Directorate. 19 December 2009. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Display: PALAPA-C1 1996-006A". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Report. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Palapa-C1 / HGS-3 / Anatolia-1 / Paksat-1". Gunter's Space Page. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
^ "Palapa-C1, -C2 / HGS-3 / Anatolia-1 / Paksat-1". Gunter's Space Page. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
^ "Pak opts to buy 'defective satellite' to cut costs". Times of India. 5 July 2002. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
^ "Hughes Global Services to Provide Satellite to Pakistan -- re> EL SEGUNDO, Calif., Aug. 6 /PRNewswire/ --". m.prnewswire.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
^ "Daily Times - Site Edition". Archived from the original on 19 May 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
^ "Transponder Monitor". Satellite Today. 18 December 2002. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
^ Siddiqui, Salman (1 August 2012). "Lagging behind: 2040 - Pakistan's space od[d]yssey". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
^ "Paksat-1R". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.