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Pacific spiny lumpsucker
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Cyclopteridae
Genus:	Eumicrotremus
Species:	E. orbis
Binomial name
	Eumicrotremus orbis; Günther, 1861
Synonyms
	Cyclopterus orbis Günther, 1861 ; Eumicrotremus orbis orbis (Günther, 1861) ; Microtremus orbis (Günther, 1861) ; Lethotremus vinolentus Jordan & Starks, 1895 ; Eumicrotremus togedango Kuronuma, 1943 ;

The Pacific spiny lumpsucker (Eumicrotremus orbis) is a species of bony fish in the family Cyclopteridae.

Description

Pacific spiny lumpsuckers are a globular-shaped fish that typically measures 1 to 3 inches (2.5 to 7.6 cm) in length, though the most common size is 1 inch (2.5 cm).^[2]^[1]^[3]^[4] It has a maximum known length of around 5 to 7 inches (13 to 18 cm).^[4]

They have a wide mouth with large lips, and protruding eyes.^[4] The fish also has a squared dorsal fin, rounded caudal fin, and thin, transparent pectoral fins.^[4]

The lumpsucker's pelvic fins have evolved into a large, fringed suction cup, allowing it to attach to surfaces like rocks or kelp.^[4]^[2]^[5]^[3] This sucker also compensates the fish for its lack of gas bladder.^[4] Because of their large, rounded shape with small fins, Pacific spiny lumpsuckers are ineffective swimmers and are most commonly found attached to solid objects.^[2]^[3]^[4]

They do not have scales.^[4] Instead, the body of the fish is covered in cone-shaped plates, called tubercles.^[2]^[3]^[5]^[4] Females have more tubercles than males.^[4]

The Pacific spiny lumpsucker is seen in many colors, including brown and green, often with yellow or orange highlights.^[4] Females are dull green in color, while males are dull orange to reddish brown.^[6]^[3]

Behavior

Pacific spiny lumpsuckers are often found alone in nature.^[4] When disturbed, they swim about aimlessly, hindered by their inefficient swimming.^[4] Instead, the fish relies on effective camouflage to avoid detection from predators.^[4]

They are considered harmless to humans.^[1]^[6] In fact, they are known to eat out of the hands of divers.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

Pacific spiny lumpsuckers are found from northern Washington state, especially Puget Sound, to the Aleutian Islands of Alaska.^[2]^[3] They can also be found in the Bering Sea, the Chukchi Sea and around northern Japan.^[1]^[3]^[4]

This species inhabits a wide variety of habitats, including eelgrass beds, rocky reefs, kelp patches, and other algae growth.^[2]^[5]^[4] They are also found around shallow bays and docks.^[2]^[3] The fish lives in near-shore waters to a depth of 480 to 500 feet (150 to 150 m).^[2]^[5]^[4]

Ecology

Diet

Pacific spiny lumpsuckers feed on slow crustaceans, polychaete worms, and mollusks on the sandy or muddy sea floor.^[4]

Reproduction

The species is known to spawn in shallow, warmer waters between the months of July and October.^[4] The females lay large, spherical, orange-colored eggs on rocks, in sheltered holes.^[4] Females typically lay around 200 eggs at a time in the nest and the male fertilizes them.^[6]^[4] After the eggs are laid, the male attaches himself to a nearby surface where he cares for the eggs by defending them from predators and circulating water over them with his fin to supply them with a steady flow of oxygen.^[4] The male will defend the clutch for three to eight weeks before the juvenile lumpsuckers hatch and venture out solitarily to find food within a few days.^[7]

The fluorescence of the males is a significant factor involved in reproduction and helps attract mates. Males are typically red and females are green in color. Males flash their rare red fluorescence when they are in close range of females to signal they are ready to mate. The fluorescence has been a successful evolutionary adaptation passed on because it increases success of reproduction. (Cohen, K. E., & Summers) ^{[citation needed]}

Predators

Pacific cod, sablefish, marine sculpins, and lancefish are known predators of pacific spiny lumpsuckers.^[4] Crabs, sea stars and small fishes prey on lumpfish eggs.^[4]

Climate change

While the Pacific spiny lumpsucker has not yet been evaluated by the IUCN Red List, climate change may pose a threat to the species.^[4] The fish relies on shallow waters for breeding and eelgrass for habitat.^[4] Rising sea levels and warmer water temperatures threaten these habitats, and the species' survival.^[4]

Conservation

In the North Atlantic Ocean in areas such as Iceland and Norway, commercial lumpsucker fisheries raise and catch Cyclopterus lumpfish and their eggs for consumption. In northern Europe, both smoked lumpfish and lumpfish eggs, which can make for an inexpensive form of caviar, are sought after.^[8] For that reason, they are targeted during their spawning seasons from July to October to collect the roe from the female lumpsuckers. Though the Pacific spiny lumpsucker is not targeted, harmful fishing tactics in their habitats like trawling have caused their populations to decrease.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Eumicrotremus orbis". FishBase. February 2023 version.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Paul., Humann (1996). Coastal fish identification : California to Alaska. Hall, Howard, 1949-, McDaniel, N. G. (Neil Glenn), 1949-, DeLoach, Ned. Jacksonville, FL: New World Publications. ISBN 1878348124. OCLC 35233771.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "About Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker". Oregon Coast Aquarium. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac "Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker". Aquarium of the Pacific. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d N., Eschmeyer, William (1983). A field guide to Pacific Coast fishes of North America : from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja, California. Herald, Earl Stannard. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395331889. OCLC 8668331.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Arita, George S. (1969). "Sexual Dimorphism in the Cyclopterid Fish Eumicrotremus orbis". Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 26 (12): 3262–3265. doi:10.1139/f69-312. ISSN 0015-296X.
^ "Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
^ "Lumpfish". Chesapeake Bay. Retrieved 2023-10-23.