World map indicating the six countries labeled as "outposts of tyranny" (shown in green ) by the United States government (shown in blue ) in 2005: Belarus, Cuba, Iran, Myanmar, North Korea and Zimbabwe.
Rice provided details to characterize "a fear society" in her prepared remarks before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on January 18, 2005:
The world should apply what Natan Sharansky calls the "town square test": if a person cannot walk into the middle of the town square and express his or her views without fear of arrest, imprisonment, or physical harm, then that person is living in a fear society, not a free society. We cannot rest until every person living in a "fear society" has finally won their freedom.[2]
Rice went on to identify Belarus, Burma, Cuba, Iran, North Korea and Zimbabwe as examples of outposts of tyranny.[2] Other governments were implicitly criticized in her remarks by being part of the broader Middle East:
In the Middle East, President Bush has broken with six decades of excusing and accommodating the lack of freedom in the hope of purchasing stability at the price of liberty. The stakes could not be higher. As long as the broader Middle East remains a region of tyranny and despair and anger, it will produce extremists and movements that threaten the safety of Americans and our friends.
Similarly, South AfricanPresidentThabo Mbeki, who had attempted to effect a conciliatory attitude to neighboring Zimbabwe by avoiding public criticism of the record of PresidentRobert Mugabe, was displeased. "It's an exaggeration and whatever the U.S. government wants to do with that list of six countries, or however many, it's really somewhat discredited."[5]
Some commentators have accused the U.S. of double standards in relation to the application of the "outposts of tyranny" tag since the named countries were limited to those routinely criticized by the U.S. State Department in its annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and the International Religious Freedom Report. For example, Amitabh Pal of The Progressive wrote that as Rice specifically refrained from applying the term to such states as Saudi Arabia, Equatorial Guinea, and Azerbaijan, it suggested that the administration had ulterior motives for its human rights pronouncements, which are "heavily subordinate to U.S. strategic and economic interests".[6]
The Washington Post has published a series of forums and interviews pertaining to the countries which Rice chose as being examples of outposts of tyranny.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
Comparison to other state classifications and political neologisms
The term has been compared to George W. Bush's phrase axis of evil. Two of the states that were named in the axis of evil are also named by Rice: Iran and North Korea.[13]
The Guardian listed the term "outposts of tyranny" with "rogue states," "states of concern," "outlaw states" and "pariah states" as terminology of the "longstanding American policy of setting up international bogeymen."[14]
The State Department has not used the term "outposts of tyranny" officially.
