Osphronemus is a genus of large gouramis, the only genus within the subfamily Osphroneminae. These fish are known as the giant gouramis and are native to rivers, lakes, pools, swamps and floodplains in Southeast Asia, with O. exodon from the Mekong basin, O. laticlavius and O. septemfasciatus from Borneo, while O. goramy is relatively widespread.[1][2][3]O. goramy has been introduced outside its native range in Asia, Africa and Australia.[4]
All the species are highly prized as food fish, leading to farming of O. goramy and rearing of O. septemfasciatus.[5]Osphronemus appear in the aquarium trade, but they are very long-lived, possibly reaching up to 40 years old,[5] and require a very large tank with a strong filter.[6]
As suggested by their English name, they are by far the largest gouramis, reaching 50–70 cm (20–28 in) in standard length depending on the exact species involved.[1] Possibly the largest recorded specimen, an O. septemfasciatus caught in Sarawak, was 72.4 cm (28.5 in) in standard length and weighed 20.5 kg (45 lb).[5] Although the species are overall similar, they do differ in details of their pattern and colour, with some species having black or red sections or markings.[2][3]
Breeding has been described in detail for O. goramy: the male builds a bubble nest with plant material at the water's surface.[7][8] The pair spawns nearby and the eggs are moved to the nest by the male, who guards them by himself. He continues to guard the young for a few weeks after they hatch from the eggs.[8] A rather similar breeding behavior has been reported for O. exodon, although in this species the nest is placed at the bottom of a 0.5–1 m (1.6–3.3 ft) deep pool, the female reportedly lives inside it for more than a month, while the male stays outside and guards it.[9]
Like other gouramis, the members of the genus Osphronemus are able to breathe by gulping air from the water's surface. Compared to other gouramis, their suprabranchial organ is highly elaborate, leading to speculations that they also may be able to detect smells in the air. This might help them to find the land vegetation that they feed on.[4] They feed mostly on fruits, seeds, leaves, flowers, bark and roots from land plants, macrophytes and algae, but will also take small animals like insects, worms, crustaceans, fish and amphibians.[6][7][8][9][10] Unlike the other species, adult O. exodon have quite conspicuous teeth on the outside of their lips.[3] This species often occurs in flooded forests,[11] and it will jump out of the water to pick fruits from overhanging branches.[12] Its unusual teeth may also be useful when feeding on roots and when building its nest.[9]
^ abRoberts, T.R. (1992). Systematic revision of the Southeast Asian anabantoid fish genus Osphronemus, with descriptions of two new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 2(4):351–360.
^ abcRoberts, T.R. (1994). Osphronemus exodon, a new species of giant gourami with extraordinary dentition from the Mekong. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 42(1): 67–77.
^ abRoberts, T.R. (1989). "The freshwater fishes of Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia)". Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. 14: 1–210.
^ abcJongkar, G., and Nyanti, L. (2012). Notes on the giant gourami Osphronemus septemfasciatus Roberts, 1992 (Perciformes: Osphronemidae) from Batang Kanowit in Sarawak, Malaysia. The Sarawak Museum Journal LXX, No. 91: 239–255.
^ abcBaird, I.G. (2007). Fishes and Forests: The Importance of Seasonally Flooded Riverine Habitat for Mekong River Fish Species. Nat. Hrsr. Bull. Siam Soc. 55(1): 121-148.
^Rainboth, W.J. (1996). Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong, p. 218. FAO, United Nations. ISBN92-5-103743-4.
