PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Osmorhiza berteroi
Conservation status
	; Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Genus:	Osmorhiza
Species:	O. berteroi
Binomial name
	Osmorhiza berteroi; DC.
Synonyms
	Osmorhiza brevipes; Osmorhiza chilensis; Osmorhiza divaricata; Osmorhiza nuda; Washingtonia divaricata

Osmorhiza berteroi is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae known by the common name mountain sweet cicely.

Systematics

Osmorhiza berteroi forms a species complex together with O. depauperata and O. purpurea. Until recently these were all treated as O. chilensis, but a revision resulted in the 3 species being split, and also revealed that O. chilensis, published in December 1830 by Hooker and Arnott was a junior synonym of O. berteroi, published in September of the same year by De Candolle.^[1]

Studies of both chloroplast and nuclear DNA confirm that the various populations of O. berteroi are monophyletic.^[2]

Distribution

It has an amphitropical distribution being native to both temperate parts of North and South America. In the Northern Hemisphere it is found boreal zones from Alaska to Newfoundland, extending south to South Dakota, and in mountain ranges adjacent to the Pacific coast from the Alaska panhandle to California and Arizona.^[3] In South America it occurs in Magellanic forests in Argentina and Chile.^[4]^[5]^[6]

The amphitropical distribution is believed to have arisen recently (in the past 1 million years), probably by seeds attached to the feathers of migratory birds.^[7] In contrast, the east–west disjunct distribution are most likely relict populations of a once continuous range.^{[citation needed]}

Habitat

It grows in wooded and forested areas.^[3]^[8] In the Great Lakes area O. berteroi is found in hardwood forests dominated by Sugar Maple^[9]

Biology

Osmorhiza berteroi is a short-lived perennial. It usually flowers in late Spring (June in Minnesota,^[9] October to December in Chile^[5]). It is insect-pollinated, with seed being distributed by animals, typically by attaching to the fur of mammals (epizoochory).^[9]

Associated organisms

The larvae of a prodoxid moth restricted to California, Greya reticulata, feed on fruits of O. berteroi.

Description

It is an aromatic perennial herb producing a branching stem which may exceed a meter tall. The plentiful green leaves have blades up to 20 centimeters long which are divided into three leaflets (trifoliate), which are toothed or lobed. The blade is borne on a long petiole. The inflorescence is a compound umbel of many tiny white flowers at the tip of a stemlike peduncle. There are 4–10 florets on each umbellule with the central florets only possessing anthers.^[5] The narrow, elongated fruit is ribbed and bristly, measuring up to 2.5 centimeters long.^[10]^[11]

Similar species

Osmorhiza berteroi occurs alongside several other species of Osmorhiza throughout its range, but is most likely to be confused with O. depaurerata. The two species are very similar and most easily separated by examining the seeds^[5]^[9]

Relationship with humans

Use for food and medicine

Osmorhiza berteroi was used as a source of food by several groups of Native Americans in all parts of its native range. These included the Selknam people in what is now Chile^{[citation needed]}, and tribes of the Great Plains, such as the Cheyenne and Blackfoot.^[12]^[13] The root was eaten, and also used as a medicinal treatment for coughs and colds.^[13]^[14]

Conservation

It is not threatened in most parts of its range. However some disjunct populations in eastern North America are isolated, and the typical habitat is fragmented and prone to destruction.^[9]

Garden plant

It can be used as ground cover in shady places. Hardy in USDA zones 5–9.^[15]

References

^ "Yellow Enlarged Photo Pages : Osmorhiza". South-west Colorado Wildflowers. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
^ Yoo, Ki-Oug; Lowry, Porter P.; Wen, Jun (2002). "Discordance of chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA data in Osmorhiza (Apiaceae)". Am. J. Bot. 89 (6): 966–971. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.6.966. PMID 21665695.
^ ^a ^b Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2014). "Osmorhiza berteroi". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Retrieved 2015-01-24.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Moore, D.M. (1983). Flora of Tierra del Fuego.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Reiche, Karl (1916). Flora de Chile. Vol. 3. Santiago de Chile.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ " "Osmorhiza beteroi Distribution". Flora Chileana. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
^ Wen, Jun; Ickert-Bond, Stefanie M (2009). "{Evolution of the Madrean—Tethyan disjunctions and the North and South American amphitropical disjunctions in plants}". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 47 (5): 331–348. doi:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00054.x. S2CID 86017635.
^ Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Osmorhiza berteroi". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Osmorhiza berteroi Hook. & Arn. – Chilean Sweet Cicely". Minnesota Endangered and Rare Plants. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
^ Giblin, David, ed. (2015). "Osmorhiza berteroi". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
^ "Osmorhiza berteroi". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
^ Darla Dexter; Kathleen Martin & Lauri Travis (2014). "Prehistoric Plant Use at Beaver Creek Rock Shelter, Southwestern Montana, U.S.A." Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 12: 355–384. doi:10.17348/era.12.0.355-384. hdl:10125/34006.
^ ^a ^b Adolf Hungrywolf (2006). The Blackfoot Papers. Good Medicine Foundation. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-0-920698-80-8.
^ Tim Johnson (11 December 1998). CRC Ethnobotany Desk Reference. CRC Press. pp. 574–. ISBN 978-0-8493-1187-1.
^ "Osmorhiza chilensis". Plants for a Future". Retrieved 2015-04-19.