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Operation Albion
	Part of World War I
	; Operation Albion amphibious operations 12–20 October
Date	12–20 October 1917
Location	West Estonian archipelago, Baltic Sea58°30′N 23°0′E / 58.500°N 23.000°E
Result	German victory
Belligerents
Germany	Russian Republic; United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Oskar von Hutier; Hugo von Kathen; Ludwig von Estorff; Ehrhard Schmidt	Mikhail Bakhirev; Vasily Altvater
Strength
1 battlecruiser; 10 dreadnought battleships; 9 light cruisers; 1 mine cruiser; 50 torpedo boats; 6 U-boats; 19 transports; ; 6 airships; 102 combat aircraft; ; 24,500 soldiers; 8,500 horses; 2,400 vehicles; 150 machine guns; 54 guns; 12 mortars	2 pre-dreadnought battleships; 2 cruisers; 1 protected cruiser; 21 destroyers; 3 gunboats; 3 submarines; ; 24,000 soldiers
Casualties and losses
1 torpedo boat sunk (S 64); 7 minesweepers destroyed; 9 trawlers & auxiliary vessels destroyed; 5 aircraft shot down; 156 killed; 60 wounded (Navy); 54 killed; 141 wounded (Army)	1 battleship sunk (Slava); 1 destroyer sunk (Grom); 1 submarine destroyed (HMS C32) ; Unknown dead and wounded; 20,130 captured; 141 guns lost (47 heavy guns); 130 machine guns lost; ; 40 aircraft lost

Panorama of the Tagalaht Bay, Saaremaa, Estonia. This was the location of the German landing on 12 October 1917.

Operation Albion was a World War I German air, land and naval operation against the Russian forces in October 1917 to occupy the West Estonian Archipelago. The campaign aimed to occupy the Baltic islands of Saaremaa (Ösel), Hiiumaa (Dagö) and Muhu (Moon). The three islands were part of the Russian Empire and strategically dominated the central and northern Baltic Sea. The land campaign opened with German landings at the Tagalaht (Tagga) bay on the island of Saaremaa (Ösel), on 12 October, after extensive naval operations to clear mines and subdue coastal artillery batteries. German forces secured the island by 16 October and the Russian army evacuated Muhu (Moon) on 20 October.

After two failed attempts, the German army landed on Hiiumaa (Dagö) on 12 October, capturing the island the following day. The Russian Baltic Fleet had to withdraw from the Suur Strait after its losses at the Battle of Moon Sound. The Germans claimed 20,000 prisoners and 100 guns captured during Operation Albion from 12 to 20 October 1917.

Strategic significance

At the beginning of World War I, the islands were of little importance to the Russian Empire or Germany. After the revolutionary turmoil in Russia during the early part of 1917, the German high command believed capturing the islands would outflank Russian defences and lay Petrograd (St. Petersburg) vulnerable to attack.^[1]^[2]

Order of battle

German units

Naval Forces^[3] (Sonderverband): Vice Admiral Ehrhard Schmidt
- Battlecruiser: Moltke (flagship)
- III Battle Squadron (III. Geschwader) (Vice Admiral Paul Behncke) dreadnought battleships: König (flagship), Bayern, Grosser Kurfürst, Kronprinz, Markgraf
- IV Battle Squadron (IV. Geschwader) (Vice Admiral Wilhelm Souchon) dreadnought battleships: Friedrich der Grosse (flagship), König Albert, Kaiserin, Prinzregent Luitpold, Kaiser
- II Scouting Group (II. Aufklärungsgruppe) (Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter) light cruisers: Königsberg (flagship), Karlsruhe, Nürnberg, Frankfurt, Danzig
- IV Scouting Group (VI. Aufklärungsgruppe) (Rear Admiral Albert Hopman) light cruisers: Kolberg (flagship), Strassburg, Augsburg; minelayer: Nautilus; tender: Blitz
- Torpedo Boats (Commodore Paul Heinrich) cruiser: Emden (flagship)
  - II Torpedo Boat Flotilla: B 98; 3rd Half-Flotilla: G 101, V 100, G 103, G 104; 4th Half-Flotilla: B 109, B 110, B 111, B 97, B 112
  - VI Torpedo Boat Flotilla: V 69; 12th Half-Flotilla: V 43, S 50, V 44, V 45, V 46; 13th Half-Flotilla: V 82, S 64, S 61, S 63, V 74
  - VIII Torpedo Boat Flotilla: V 180; 15th Half-Flotilla: V 183, V 185, V 181, V 184, V 182; 16th Half-Flotilla: S 176, S 178, G 174, S 179, V 186
  - X Torpedo Boat Flotilla:: S 56; 19th Half-Flotilla: T 170, T 169, T 172, G 175, T 165; 20th Half-Flotilla: V 78, V 77, G 89, S 65, S 66
  - VII Half-Flotilla: T 154, T 158, T 157, T 151, T 160, T 145, T 140, T 139
- Courland Submarine Flotilla (U-BootsFlottille Kurland): UC 56, UC 57, UC 58, UC 59, UC 60, UC 78
- Minesweepers (Minensuchdienst)
  - II Minesweeper Flotilla: A 62; 3rd Half-Flotilla: T 136, M 67, M 68, M 75, M 76, M 77, T 59, T 65, T 68, T 82, T 85; 4th Half-Flotilla: T 104, T 53, T 54, T 55, T 56, T 60, T 61, T 62, T 66, T 67, T 69; 8th Half-Flotilla: M 64, M 11, M 31, M 32, M 39, A 35
  - III Half-Flotilla of the Search Flotilla: T 141, 15 motor-boats
  - Mine-Searcher Group of the Outpost Half-Flotilla East: 6 fishing vessels
  - I Minesweeper Division (Riga): 11 motor-boats
  - II Minesweeper Division: 12 motor-boats
  - III Minesweeper Division: 12 motor-boats
  - IV Minesweeper Division: 10 motor-boats; outpost boat O 2
  - Mine-barrage Breaker group (Sperrbrechergruppe): Rio Parbo, Lothar, Schwaben, Elass
- Anti-Submarine Forces (U-Bootsabwehr)
  - Baltic Search Flotilla: T 144; 1st half-flotilla: T 142, A 32, A 28, A 30, 32 fishing vessels; 2nd half-flotilla: T 130, A 31, A 27, A 29, 24 fishing vessels
Ground Forces: Generalleutnant Ludwig von Estorff
- 42nd Division
- 2nd Infanterie Cyclist Brigade

Russian units

425th, 426th and 472nd Infantry Regiments
Battleships: Tsesarevich, Slava
Armored cruisers: Admiral Makarov, Bayan
Destroyers: Desna, Novik, Pobeditel, Zabijaka, Grom, Konstantin
Gunboats: Chivinetz, Grozyashchi
Blockship: Lavwija
Minelayer: Pripyat^[4]

British units

Submarines: HMS C26, HMS C27, HMS C32

Citations and references

^ Barrett 2008, p. 8.
^ Buttar, Prit (2017). Russia's Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916–17. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 217–225. ISBN 9781472824899.
^ Ernst Freiherr von Gagern, Der Krieg zur See 1914–1918: Der Krieg in der Ostsee Bd.3 (Frankfurt: Mittler & Sohn, 1964), Beilage 3.
^ Operation Albion: The Attack On The Baltic Islands