Non-pharmacological intervention (NPI) is any type of healthcare intervention which is not primarily based on medication. Some examples include exercise,^[1] sleep improvement,^[2] and dietary habits.^[3]

Non-pharmacological interventions may be intended to prevent or treat (ameliorate or cure) diseases or other health-related conditions, or to improve public health. They can be educational and may involve a variety of lifestyle or environmental changes.^[4] Complex or multicomponent interventions use multiple strategies,^[5] and they often involve the participation of several types of care providers.^[6]

Non-pharmacological interventions can call on various fields of expertise, such as surgery, medical devices, rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and behavioral interventions.^[6]

The first line of treatment for hypertension is lifestyle changes, including dietary changes, physical exercise, and weight loss. Although these have all been recommended in scientific advisories,^[7] a Cochrane systematic review of available relevant studies found that although weigh-loss diets did reduce body weight and blood pressure, beneficial effects of those changes could not be demonstrated, owing to the small number of participants and studies, and that therefore the impact of weigh loss on mortality and morbidity is unknown.^[8] Their potential effectiveness is similar to and at times exceeds a single medication.^[9] If the blood pressure is high enough to justify immediate use of medications, lifestyle changes are still recommended in conjunction. Dietary changes shown to reduce blood pressure include diets containing low amounts of sodium,^[10][11] the DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension),^[12] vegetarian diets,^[13] and green tea consumption.^{[14][15][16][17]} Physical exercise regimens that reduce blood pressure include isometric resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and device-guided breathing.^[18]

• Boutron I, Ravaud P, Moher D, eds. (2012). Randomized clinical trials of nonpharmacological treatments. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 9781420088021.

• Checklist for reporting of non-pharmacologic treatment interventions (an extension of the CONSORT statement for Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials).