Njoto

Njoto
Minister of State
In office
2 September 1964 – 13 December 1965
PresidentSukarno
Personal details
Born(1927-01-17)17 January 1927
Marjono, Jember, Dutch East Indies
Died13 December 1965(1965-12-13) (aged 38)
Tanjung Priok or Bekasi, Indonesia
NationalityIndonesian
Political partyPKI
SpouseSoetarni
Children7
Parents
  • Raden Sosro Hartono (father)
  • Masalmah (mother)

Lukman Njoto or Njoto (17 January 1927 – 13 December 1965) was a senior national leader of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), who joined the party shortly after the country's declaration of independence, and was killed following the 1965 coup attempt.

Biography

Early life

Njoto was born on 17 January 1927 in the house of his grandfather, Marjono, in Jember.[a][2] Njoto's parents were Raden Sosro Hartono, a descendant of the Surakarta royal family, and Masalmah.[3] He had two younger sisters, Sri Windarti and Iramani.[3] He and Windarti attended the Hollands Inlandsche School (HIS) in Jember and lived with their maternal grandparents in Kampung Tempean, Jember.[2] Their father wanted them to enroll there because Dutch schools were better organized than native schools.[4] After regular school, Njoto had private lessons in the evening with Meneer Darmo.[4]

After graduating from school, Njoto enrolled at the Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (MULO) school in Jember. Eventually during the Japanese occupation, the school was disbanded. Njoto's father sent him to another MULO in Solo.[5] In the second grade of MULO, according his classmate Sabar Anantaguna, Njoto said that he had to go home to Jember, but, in fact, he was going to Surabaya, where he was involved in the disarmament of the Japanese imperial army.[6] During this time, Njoto met future PKI leaders D.N. Aidit and M.H. Lukman.[7] Njoto was also involved in the Battle of Surabaya against the British.[1]

PKI leader

During the Indonesian National Revolution, as a representative of the PKI Banyuwangi branch, Njoto became a member of the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP), a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia. At the time, Njoto was living in Hotel Merdeka, Malioboro, Yogyakarta.[6] In March 1947, after KNIP held a meeting in Malang, Aidit was elected as chairman of the PKI fraction, while Njoto was elected as chairman of Badan Pekerja KNIP.[7] In early 1948, Njoto, Aidit, and Lukman were ordered by the party to translate The Communist Manifesto.[8] In August 1948, the PKI Central Committee comprised Aidit in land affairs, Lukman in agitation and propaganda, and Njoto in relation with other organizations.[8] Around this time, mid-1948, Njoto was also a member of the Politbiro.[9] On 17 August 1950, Njoto along with Aidit, M.S. Ashar, and A.S. Dharta founded Institute for the People's Culture (Lekra), a literary and social movement,[10] while according to Tempo Zulkifli and Hidayat, the four founded Lekra in 1951.[11]

On 7 January 1951, Njoto, along with Aidit, Sudisman, Alimin, and Lukman were elected to the Politbiro by the Central Committee.[9] Also in January 1951, Njoto, Pardede, Lukman, and Aidit were appointed to the editorial staff of Bintang Merah (Red Star), a paper that was first published on 15 August 1950.[12][13] In July 1951, the PKI appointed Njoto to supervise the content of the PKI newspaper Harian Rakjat (People's Daily).[14] In August 1951, the government conducted searches and arrested PKI leaders because of fears of a repeat of the 1948 Madiun affair. However, Njoto, Lukman, and Aidit managed to evade arrest and hid, not appearing in public for several months.[15] After the meeting of Central Committee in October 1953, the three became leaders of the party: Aidit as the secretary general, with Lukman and Njoto as Aidit's first and second deputies respectively.[12][16] Njoto was made responsible for agitation and propaganda.[17] In 1953, Njoto took over the leadership of Harian Rakjat, replacing the founder Siauw Giok Tjhan.[18] In Harian Rakjat he wrote under the pen name Iramani, and used a softer and more poetic than his sharper writing in Bintang Merah.[17] Njoto was also appointed to the Provisional People's Representative Council in 1954, replacing Aidit’s resigning father Abdullah Aidit. [19]

On 1 August 1956, Njoto spoke to Central Committee members, telling them that the party had to educate its cadres about its ideology since the increase in party membership was significant.[20] In October 1958, Njoto claimed that the most important thing was the unity between the bourgeois and proletariate, but Oloan Hutapea in an article in August 1959 rejected the view that this alliance was important to the party.[21] After heavy PKI criticism of government performance in July 1960, Njoto and Aidit were questioned by Colonel Achmad Sukendro from Army intelligence.[22] In August 1960, along with Aidit, Njoto was appointed as PKI representative in National Front.[23]

In March 1962, Njoto and Aidit were appointed ministers without specific responsibilities, only coordinating or advisory roles.[24][25] According to a PKI report published on 14 April 1964, Njoto was at a large meeting of farmers in Klaten. He stated that the land reform law could only be reached by people's actions and a patriotic and democratic government.[26] After Sukarno was appointed as the president for life by the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS), in September 1964, Njoto was appointed as state minister in the Dwikora Cabinet responsible for supervision of land reform.[27][28][24]

Between 1963 and 1964, Njoto travelled to the Soviet Union several times to establish links between PKI and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[29] He was accompanied by Rita, an Indonesian literature student in Moscow.[29] According to Soetarni, Njoto's wife, Rita was the translator between Indonesian and Russian.[30] At the end of 1964, Soetarni was depressed about the rumour that Njoto would marry Rita.[31] Soetarni was pregnant with her the sixth child when the rumour started.[32] She said she would divorce Njoto if the rumour proved to be true.[32] According to Joesoef Isak, Njoto had fallen in love with Rita.[33] Isak claimed that Soetarni was more beautiful, but Njoto claimed that Rita was more intellectual.[33] According to a source from Tempo, Rita was a KGB agent.[34] The source claimed that anyone visiting the Soviet Union would be accompanied by a KGB agent.[34] After the affair between Njoto and Rita became known to the party, Njoto was dismissed from all functional positions in the party.[35][33] However, Njoto still attended party meetings except those held by Politbiro.[36][37]

In April 1964, Njoto used the term "Sukarnoisme" in a speech in Palembang.[38] The PKI, especially Aidit, considered that Njoto betrayed communism by using this term.[39] Njoto was later replaced as Chairman of Agitation and Propaganda by Oloan Hutapea, though the real reason was the affair between Njoto and Rita.[40][41]

According to a Tempo magazine source, after the removal, Sukarno wanted Njoto to form a new party called the Indonesian People's Party (Partai Rakyat Indonesia) with Sukarnoism as the principle, but the idea was never realised. [42]

Early June 1965, Njoto and Subandrio discussed the implementation of the Sino-Indonesian Agreement with Zhou Enlai in Guangzhou.[43] Njoto wrote the speech given by Sukarno on the Celebration of Independence Day 17 August 1965, which was about corruption and counter-revolutionaries.[44]

30 September Movement and aftermath

About one week before 17 August 1965, Njoto was in Amsterdam negotiating a contract with Fokker between the two countries.[45] He then went to Moscow along with Aidit to attend the Communist Party Summit Conference.[46] After being informed by Foreign Minister Subandrio on 31 July that Sukarno was looking for him, Njoto returned to Indonesia on 9 August.[46][47] Aidit talked to Chinese doctors and Njoto about the health of the President on 8 and 10 August respectively. He claimed Sukarno would die or would be out of action soon.[48]

On 28 September 1965, Njoto traveled to Sumatra with Subandrio.[49] When the 30 September Movement began, they were still in Medan to set up a local Revolutionary Council chapter.[50][51] On 2 October 1965, Njoto, after returning from Medan, left his home in Menteng along with Soetarni and his children.[28] He hid his family at the house of a colleague in Kebayoran.[28] M.H. Lukman claimed that on the night of 5 October several PKI leaders including Njoto and Lukman himself, but excluding Aidit, held a meeting at Isak's house to coordinate before the special cabinet meeting in Bogor.[52] Harian Rakjat reporter Amarzan Ismail Hamid stated that on the morning of 6 October Njoto and Lukman discussed the meeting beforehand: if the meeting went badly, both of them would go to Bandung, but if the meeting went well, they would stay in Jakarta.[28] According to Tempo, on the cabinet special meeting held on 6 October 1965 in Istana Bogor, Njoto was asked by Sukarno about the 30 September Movement.[53] Njoto denied the party was involved, saying, "the PKI was not responsible for the event."[53][54] It was an internal problem in the Army."[b][53]

Njoto was interviewed by Asahi Shimbun in Jakarta on 2 December 1965 and stated that he did not know about the killing of six generals.[50] According to John Roosa, a historian of University of British Columbia, in Pretext for Mass Murder, Njoto had not been invited by Aidit to Politbiro meetings.[36] According to Iskandar Subekti, quoted by Roosa, Aidit considered that Njoto was more a Sukarnoist than a communist.[55] Meanwhile, other notes stated that Njoto was closer to the Soviet Union than to China, which was Aidit's patron.[56]

According to Sarbi Moehadi, former chairman of Lekra Pekalongan, several months after the movement, Njoto led a meeting in Slawi, but Amarzan rejected the claim because Jakarta was safer than other places and Njoto never moved out of Jakarta.[57]

There are several version of Njoto's arrest. According to Amarzan, Njoto was arrested in Tosari, Menteng.[58] According to Irina Dayasih, Njoto was arrested on the way from Ministry of State office around December 1965.[58] According to Iramani, Njoto was shot dead in either Tanjung Priok, or Bekasi on 13 December 1965 after being held in the Budi Utomo Military Detention Centre.[59] According to historian Bonnie Triana, Njoto was killed in Jakarta and the corpse was thrown into the Ciliwung River.[59]

Politics and ideology

During his time in MULO, Njoto read communist books by Karl Marx, Stalin, and Lenin.[60] According to Joesoef Isak, Njoto was the only PKI leader who was "liberal", pragmatical, and not dogmatic.[46] Because of this, Sukarno liked him, even called him the more affection dik instead the more formal Bung.[46] Sukarno also had called Njoto a "true Marhaenist".[c][61] Njoto invented the term "Sukarnoism", according to Tempo, because most of the farmers in Indonesia didn't know the term Marxism.[39]

Iwan Simatupang stated that Njoto was "an intellectual and philosophical snob."[d][27] Simatupang stated that Njoto had more influence than Lukman and Aidit.[27] Some artists, he claimed, such as Rivai Apin, Basuki Resobowo, and Henk Ngantunk were close to communism because of Njoto.[27]

Personal life

Njoto's father taught his son to play the violin, and he could also play the saxophone.[62][63] According to Windarti, Njoto also could play guitar and drums and composed several songs. He enjoyed classical music and jazz.[64][46][65] During the Japanese occupation, Njoto, Windarti, and three other girls formed a band, Suara Putri, with four women as vocalists and Njoto as guitarist. They performed Wanita Asia, a song that praised the Japanese who had come and immediately expelled the Dutch. After the independence, the song was banned.[66] One of his friends in music was Jack Lesmana.[67]

In literature, Njoto read works by Russians such as Nikolai Gogol and Dostoevsky.[68] For Indonesians, Njoto liked H.B. Jassin's works. He also praised Hamka's works.[69] Njoto wrote several poems published in Harian Rakjat, titled "Tahun Baru", "Catatan Peking", Jangtoe", "Shanghai", Merah Kesumba", "Variasi Haiku", "Variasi Cak", and "Pertemuan di Paris".[70] These poems were published in September 2008 titled Gugur Merah: Sehimpunan Puisi Lekra, Harian Rakyat: 1950-1965.[70] According to Asahan, in literature, Njoto was more democratic, more aesthetic, and more universal. In the accusing of Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijk by Hamka, Njoto advised Lekra not to "destroy" him.[71] Njoto also wrote "Merah Kesumba" as a reaction of solidarity to Congo after the death of Patrice Lumumba.[72]

Njoto married Soetarni in May 1955.[73] The couple had seven children. The sixth child, named Fidelia Dayatun, was born before the 30 September Movement.[74] The seventh, called Butet was born when Soetarni was in hiding.[75][76] The seventh was adopted by Soetarni's younger sister.[77] The other children were Ilham Dayawan, Svetlana Dayani, Timur, Irina Dayasih, and Risalina Dayana.[78][79] All of Njoto's children have the word daya in their names, taken from Njoto's alias Kusumo Digdoyo. Digdoyo means daya in Indonesian, or "power" in English.[75]

Notes

  1. ^ Mortimer wrote that Njoto was born in 1925 while the birthplace was East Java, various reports give his birthplace as Besuki, Jember, or Blitar.[1]
  2. ^ Original: "PKI tidak bertanggung jawab atas peristiwa G30S. Kejadian itu adalah masalah internal Angkatan Darat."
  3. ^ Original: "Marhaenis sejati".
  4. ^ Original: "... sok intelek dan sok filosofis."

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Mortimer 2006, p. 39.
  2. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, pp. 4–5.
  3. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 4.
  4. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 5.
  5. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 6.
  6. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 13.
  7. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 14.
  8. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 15.
  9. ^ a b Hindley 1966, p. 24.
  10. ^ Lindsay & Liem 2012, p. 422.
  11. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 45.
  12. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 17.
  13. ^ Hindley 1966, p. 25.
  14. ^ Hindley 1966, p. 67.
  15. ^ Hindley 1966, pp. 53–54.
  16. ^ Hindley 1966, p. 64.
  17. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 18.
  18. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 43.
  19. ^ Seperempat abad Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat Republik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat. 1970. p. 590.
  20. ^ Hindley 1966, pp. 81–82.
  21. ^ Mortimer 2006, p. 162.
  22. ^ Crouch 2007, pp. 48–49.
  23. ^ Mortimer 2006, p. 101.
  24. ^ a b Mortimer 2006, p. 126.
  25. ^ Roosa 2006, p. 207.
  26. ^ Mortimer 2006, pp. 309–310.
  27. ^ a b c d Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 47.
  28. ^ a b c d Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 52.
  29. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 28.
  30. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, pp. 28–29.
  31. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 29.
  32. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 30.
  33. ^ a b c Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 33.
  34. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 34.
  35. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, pp. 26–27.
  36. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 24.
  37. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 35.
  38. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, pp. 38–39.
  39. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 39.
  40. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, pp. 39–40.
  41. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 48.
  42. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 41.
  43. ^ Fic 2004, p. 110.
  44. ^ Fic 2004, pp. 30, 200.
  45. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 36.
  46. ^ a b c d e Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 37.
  47. ^ Crouch 2007, p. 109.
  48. ^ Crouch 2007, pp. 109–110.
  49. ^ Fic 2004, p. 140.
  50. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 23.
  51. ^ Fic 2004, p. 193.
  52. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, pp. 53, 55.
  53. ^ a b c Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 22.
  54. ^ Mortimer 2006, p. 388.
  55. ^ Roosa 2006, p. 150.
  56. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, pp. 24–25.
  57. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 55.
  58. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 56.
  59. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 57.
  60. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 12.
  61. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 38.
  62. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 1.
  63. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 10.
  64. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, pp. 7–8.
  65. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 69.
  66. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 8.
  67. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 67.
  68. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 80.
  69. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 81.
  70. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 82.
  71. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 86.
  72. ^ Lindsay & Liem 2012, p. 433.
  73. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 68.
  74. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, pp. 30–31.
  75. ^ a b Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 31.
  76. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 61.
  77. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 32.
  78. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, pp. 58–59.
  79. ^ Zulkifli & Hidayat 2010, p. 62.

Sources

  • Crouch, Harold (2007). The Army and Politics in Indonesia (reprint & revised ed.). Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789793780504.
  • Fic, Victor M. (2004). Anatomy of the Jakarta Coup, October 1, 1965: The Collusion with Red China which Destroyed the Army Command, President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170174233.
  • Hindley, Donald (1966). The Communist Party of Indonesia: 1951-1963. University of California Press.
  • Lindsay, Jennifer; Liem, Maya H.T., eds. (2012). Heirs to World Culture: Being Indonesian, 1950-1965. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 9789067183796.
  • Mortimer, Rex (2006). Indonesian Communism Under Sukarno: Ideology and Politics, 1959-1965 (reprint ed.). Jakarta: Equinox. ISBN 9789793780290.
  • Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804721950.
  • Roosa, John (2006). Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup d'état in Indonesia. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299220334.
  • Zulkifli, Arif; Hidayat, Bagja, eds. (2010). Njoto, Peniup Saksofon di Tengah Prahara. Seri Buku Tempo. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. ISBN 9789799109200.

Read other articles:

Limfedema

LymphedemaLower extremity lymphedemaInformasi umumNama lainLymphoedema, lymphatic obstruction, lymphatic insufficiencySpesialisasiVascular medicine, Rheumatology,[1] Physical medicine and rehabilitation General surgery, Plastic surgery Limfedema (bahasa Inggris: Lymphedema) atau penyakit obstruksi limfatik adalah kondisi ketika terdapat sumbatan pada sistem limfatik tubuh. Pembengkakan ini terjadi pada bagian kaki,kedua tangan atau lengan yang disebabkan oleh peredaran limfa yang buru...

 

 

العلاقات الإماراتية المالطية

العلاقات الإماراتية المالطية الإمارات العربية المتحدة مالطا   الإمارات العربية المتحدة   مالطا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الإماراتية المالطية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الإمارات العربية المتحدة ومالطا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين ال...

 

 

Emil Krafth

Emil Krafth Timnas Swedia secara spektakuler mencapai babak perempat final Piala Dunia 2018Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Emil KrafthTanggal lahir 2 Agustus 1994 (umur 29)Tempat lahir Stockholm, SwediaTinggi 181 cm (5 ft 11 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini Newcastle UnitedNomor 4Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2015 – 2020 Bologna 42 (0)2020 – 2023 Newcastle United 12 (0)Tim nasional2014 – Swedia 13 (0) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dih...

Black Veil Brides (album)

Heart of Fire redirects here. For the Kentucky church, see Dan Johnson (Kentucky politician) § Heart of Fire Church. 2014 studio album by Black Veil BridesBlack Veil BridesStudio album by Black Veil BridesReleasedOctober 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)StudioSteakhouse Studios, North Hollywood, Los Angeles, CA Paradise Studios, Hollywood, CA The Warehouse, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaGenre Heavy metal[1] hard rock[1] metalcore[1] Length44:02(47...

 

 

Marine landaise

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Vache marine. Marine landaise Vache marine landaise Région d’origine Région France Aquitaine Caractéristiques Taille Petite Robe brune, fauve, uniforme, parfois pie Autre Diffusion Locale race préservée Utilisation Entretien des espaces naturels en zones humides modifier  La vache marine landaise est une race bovine française à très petit effectif, bénéficiant d'un programme de sauvegarde et entretenue dans des espaces naturels humides du li...

 

 

Mouton Cadet

Mouton Cadet is the brand name of a popular range of modestly priced, generic Bordeaux wines, considered Bordeaux's most successful brand.[1][2] Created by Baron Philippe de Rothschild, Mouton Cadet wine is produced through the assembly of a variety of grapes, from several Bordeaux region appellations. History After the acclaimed vintages of 1928 and 1929, the vintage of 1930 and the following two harvests were dire,[3] and the wine that Baron Philippe de Rothschild fe...

哥伦布 (密西西比州)

密西西比州 哥伦布城市綽號：Possum Town哥伦布位于密西西比州的位置坐标：33°30′06″N 88°24′54″W / 33.501666666667°N 88.415°W / 33.501666666667; -88.415国家 美國州密西西比州县朗兹县始建于1821年政府 • 市长罗伯特·史密斯 (民主党)面积 • 总计22.3 平方英里（57.8 平方公里） • 陸地21.4 平方英里（55.5 平方公里） • ...

 

 

Matty Taylor (footballer, born 1990)

English footballer For other people named Matthew Taylor, see Matthew Taylor (disambiguation). For the defender turned manager, see Matt Taylor (footballer, born 1982). For the Oxford-born midfielder nine years his senior, see Matthew Taylor (footballer). Matty Taylor Taylor warming up for Bristol Rovers in 2015Personal informationFull name Matthew James Taylor[1]Date of birth (1990-03-30) 30 March 1990 (age 34)[2]Place of birth Kidlington, England[3]Height 5 ...

 

 

Philippine literature in English

Variety of literature This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series on theCulture of the Philippines Society History Language sign language People ethnic groups indigenous peoples Religion Value system Kinship Honorifics Arts and literature Architec...

Béton armé

Pour l’article homonyme, voir Béton armé (film). Armatures métalliques de renforcement du béton. « Cancer du béton » : lorsque le front de carbonatation atteint l'armature métallique, celle-ci est atteinte de rouille qui fait augmenter le volume de l'acier, conduisant à l'éclatement du béton d'enrobage, ce qui provoque des délaminations, ou comme ici des épaufrures qui mettent à nu les armatures oxydées. Pylône de lampadaire en béton. Ferraillage d'une stati...

 

 

Instituto Nacional de las Artes Escénicas y de la Música

Instituto Nacional de las Artes Escénicas y de la Música Logotipo del INAEM Plaza del Rey, donde se ubica la sede del organismoLocalizaciónPaís España EspañaCoordenadas 40°25′31″N 3°41′48″O / 40.425166666667, -3.6967777777778Información generalSigla INAEMTipo Organismo autónomoSede Plaza del Rey, 128004 MadridOrganizaciónDirectora general María Paz Santa-Cecilia AristuDepende de Secretaría de Estado de CulturaEntidad superior Ministerio de C...

 

 

1940 United States presidential election in Rhode Island

Election in Rhode Island Main article: 1940 United States presidential election 1940 United States presidential election in Rhode Island ← 1936 November 5, 1940 1944 →   Nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt Wendell Willkie Party Democratic Republican Home state New York New York Running mate Henry A. Wallace Charles L. McNary Electoral vote 4 0 Popular vote 182,182 138,653 Percentage 56.73% 43.17% County Results Municipality Results Roosevelt  ...

Grenache

Red wine grape Bois Jaune redirects here. For the Bulgarian wine grape also known as Bois Jaune, see Dimiat. Tintilla redirects here. For other Spanish-French wine grapes that are also known as Tintilla, see Mourvèdre and Trousseau (grape). Redondal redirects here. For the Portuguese wine grape that shares this and several other synonyms, see Alicante Bouschet. Navaro redirects here. Not to be confused with Navarro. GrenacheGrape (Vitis)Grenache noir in Viala & VermorelColor of berry ski...

 

 

Castellina in Chianti

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento centri abitati della Toscana non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Castellina in Chianticomune Castellina in Chianti – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Toscana Provincia Siena AmministrazioneSindacoGiuseppe Stiaccini (Per Castellina) dal 10-6-2024 TerritorioCoordinate43°2...

 

 

程菲

程菲代表国家 中国出生 (1988-05-28) 1988年5月28日（36歲） 中国湖北省黃石市比赛项目女子競技體操级别Senior主教练陸善真劉群琳音乐黃河協奏曲 （Yellow River Concerto, 2008-2011）专属动作程菲跳 奖牌记录 女子體操 夏季奧林匹克運動會 2008年北京 團隊 2008年北京 跳馬 2008年北京 平衡木 世界體操錦標賽 2007年斯圖加特 跳馬 2006年奧爾胡斯 團隊 2006年奧爾胡斯 跳馬 2006年奧爾胡...

The Magic Serpent

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Magic Serpent – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1966 Japanese filmThe Magic SerpentTheatrical release posterDirected byTetsuya Yamanochi[1]Screenplay byMasaru Igami[1]Stor...

 

 

Топонимика

Топонимическая карта: названия коммун Франции с окончанием на -viller, -villers, -villiers, -willer Топони́мика (от др.-греч. τόπος «место» + ὄνυμα[1] — «имя, название») — раздел ономастики, изучающий географические названия (топонимы), их происхождение, смысловое значение, разви...

 

 

Matilde d'Inghilterra (1156-1189)

Matilde d'InghilterraDuchessa consorte di SassoniaIn carica1168–1180 PredecessoreClemenzia di Zähringen SuccessoreGiuditta di Polonia Duchessa consorte di BavieraIn carica1168–1180 PredecessoreClemenzia di Zähringen SuccessoreAgnese di Loon NascitaLondra, giugno 1156 MorteBraunschweig, 28 giugno 1189 Luogo di sepolturaDuomo di Braunschweig Casa realePlantageneti PadreEnrico II d'Inghilterra MadreEleonora d'Aquitania ConsorteEnrico il Leone FigliMatildeEnricoLotarioOttoneGuglielmo ...

Suzanne Manet

Dutch pianist and art model (1829–1906) Suzanne ManetÉdouard Manet, Mme Manet at the Piano, 1867–1868, Musée d'Orsay, ParisBornSuzanne Leenhoff(1829-10-30)30 October 1829Heerenveen, NetherlandsDied8 March 1906(1906-03-08) (aged 76)OccupationPianistSpouse Édouard Manet ​ ​(m. 1863; died 1883)​ChildrenLéon-Edouard Koëlla Suzanne Manet (UK: /ˈmæneɪ/, US: /mæˈneɪ, məˈ-/; née Leenhoff; 30 October 1829 – 8 March 1906) wa...

 

 

Pierre Rousselot

French Jesuit and author This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Pierre Rousselot – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pierre Rousselot Pierre Marie Jean Jules Rousselot (29 December 1878 Nantes – 25 April 1915) was a French Jesuit and...