Nikola Pašić (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Пашић, pronounced[nǐkolapǎʃitɕ]; 18 December 1845 – 10 December 1926) was a Serbian and Yugoslav politician and diplomat. During his political career, which spanned almost five decades, he served five times as prime minister of Serbia and three times as prime minister of Yugoslavia, leading 22 governments in total. He played an instrumental role in the founding of Yugoslavia and is considered one of the most influential figures in Serbian twentieth-century history. With 12 years in office, Pašić was the longest-serving prime minister of Serbia.[1]
Born in Zaječar, in eastern Serbia, Pašić studied engineering in Switzerland and embraced radical politics as a student at the Polytechnical School in Zürich. On his return to Serbia, he was elected to the National Assembly in 1878 as a member of the People's Radical Party, which was formally organised three years later. After the failed Timok Rebellion against the government of King Milan I, he was sentenced to death but narrowly avoided capture and execution. He spent the next six years exiled in Bulgaria. Following Milan's abdication in 1889, Pašić returned to Serbia and was elected president of the National Assembly. A year later he also became mayor of Belgrade. In 1891, Pašić became prime minister for the first time, but was forced to resign the following year.
Following the May Coup and the murder of King Alexander I, Pašić emerged as a leading figure in Serbian politics while the Radical Party established its dominance. He served as prime minister from 1904 to 1905, 1906 to 1908, 1909 to 1911 and finally from 1912 to 1918, as Serbia entered a golden age of economic growth and growing influence on the continental stage. He led Serbia to victory in the Balkan Wars against the Ottomans and Bulgaria, almost doubling the size of Serbian territories. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand brought Serbia to war with Austria-Hungary, sparking the First World War in which the country was overrun by the Central Powers. Pašić led the government in exile in the Greek island of Corfu, where the Corfu Declaration was signed and paved the way for a future state of South Slavs.
In 1918, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was officially proclaimed, and Pašić was recognised as the de facto prime minister of the new state. Despite his resignation just a month later, he took part in the Paris Peace Conference as the Serbian representative. He served as prime minister on two more occasions, from 1921 to July 1924 and from November 1924 to 1926. During his final tenure, he oversaw the creation of the kingdom's first constitution. He died of a heart attack in late 1926, at age 80. A proponent of populism, nationalism, and political pragmatism, Pašić began his career as a socialist but became a conservative in the 1910s.[2][3][4]
Early life
Pašić was born in Zaječar, Principality of Serbia. According to Slovenian ethnologist Niko Županič, Pašić's ancestors migrated from the Tetovo region in the 16th century and founded the village of Zvezdan near Zaječar.[5] Pašić himself said that his ancestors settled from the area of the Lešok Monastery in Tetovo.[5]Jovan Dučić concluded that Pašić hailed from Veliki Izvor near Zaječar, and that Pašić's ancestry in Tetovo had been long lost.[6] Bulgarian ethnologist Stilian Chilingirov stated that Pašić's roots were from the village of Veliki Izvor, founded during the 18th century by refugees from the Ottoman Bulgarian village of Golyam Izvor in Teteven area in today's Bulgaria.[7]Ljubomir Miletić also claimed that Pašić's grandfather settled in Veliki Izvor from Teteven area, which was refuted by Serbian authors,[5] claiming his parents were both born in Zaječar.[8] However, the village of Veliki Izvor, was really founded by refugees from the village of Golyam Izvor, Teteven area.[9]Carlo Sforza mentioned that Pašić "was lucky in another respect, he belonged to the Shopi community".[10] There also are claims attributing Aromanian descent to Pašić.[11][12][13]
Pašić completed elementary school in Zaječar, and finished his gymnasium work in Negotin and Kragujevac.[14][15] In the fall of 1865, he enrolled in the Belgrade Higher School and in 1867 received a state scholarship to study railroad engineering at the Polytechnical School in Zürich.[15] Historian Gale Stokes wrote that Pašić was a "serious student" who "went beyond the required subjects of his specialization".[16] According to Stokes, Pašić's early socialist ideals were shaped by German experiences rather than Marxist or Russian populism, as his studies were focused on German history and contemporary events which were taught by Germanophile professors.[16] He graduated as an engineer but, apart from his brief participation in the construction of the Vienna–Budapest railroad, he never worked in this field.[17]
Radical Party
Origins
While a student in Zürich, Pašić lived near other Serbian students and became politically involved, initially as an organizer.[18] Some of these students would later become the core of the Socialist and Radical movement in Serbia. One of them was Svetozar Marković, who would become a major socialist ideologue in Serbia.[19] Along with Marković, Pera Velimirović, Jovan Žujović, and others, Pašić became an early member of the "Radical Party".[20]
After returning to Serbia, Pašić went to Bosnia to support the anti-Ottoman uprising of Nevesinjska puška.[21] The Socialists started publishing Samouprava which later became the official bulletin of the Radical Party.[22] After Marković's death in 1875, Pašić became the leader of the movement and in 1878 was elected to the National Assembly of Serbia, even before the party was formed. In 1880, he made an unprecedented move in the Serbian political scene by forming an opposition deputies' club in the assembly. Finally, a party program was completed in January 1881 and the Radical Party, the first systematically organized Serbian party, was officially established, with Pašić elected its first president.[23]
The party and Pašić quickly gained popularity; the Radicals received 54 percent of the vote in the September 1883 elections, while the Progressive Party, favored by King Milan Obrenović IV only got 30 percent.[24] Despite the Radicals' clear victory, the pro-Austrian king, who disliked the pro-Russian Pašić and the Radical party, nominated old non-partisan hardliner Nikola Hristić to form a government.[25][26] The assembly refused to cooperate and the session was suspended.[27]
The atmosphere was made worse when Hristić attempted to take away peasants' guns, in order to establish a regular army.[27] As a result, clashes began in eastern Serbia, in the Timok valley. King Milan blamed the unrest on the Radicals and sent troops to crush the rebellion. Pašić was sentenced to death in absentia and he narrowly avoided arrest by fleeing to Hungary.[27] Twenty-one others were sentenced to death and executed,[27] and 734 more were imprisoned.
Exile in Bulgaria
For the next six years, Pašić lived with relatives in Bulgaria, supported by the Bulgarian government. He lived in Sofia, where he worked as a building contractor, and also worked for a short time in the Ministry of Interior. According to Bulgarian sources, he spoke quite fluent Bulgarian, but mixed it with a large number of Serbian words and phrases, and it is claimed that he asked Petko Karavelov's friends who hailed from Stara Planina about the characteristics of that region in Bulgaria, explaining that his ancestors had migrated from there to Serbia some generations before.[28]
Bulgarian testimonies completely differ in one important respect, whether Pašić worked actively in politics during his exile in Sofia.[29] The official Bulgarian support became one of several reasons for Milan's decision to start the Serbo-Bulgarian War in 1885.[citation needed] After suffering a decisive defeat, Milan granted an amnesty for those sentenced for the Timok rebellion, but not for Pašić, who remained in Bulgarian exile. In 1889, Milan abdicated in favor of his 12-year-old son Alexander.[30] A few days later the newly formed Radical cabinet of Sava Grujić pardoned Pašić.[31]
High politics 1890–1903
President of assembly and mayor
On 13 October 1889, Pašić was elected president of the National Assembly, a duty he would perform (de jure though, not de facto) until 9 January 1892. He was also elected mayor of Belgrade from 11 January 1890 to 26 January 1891. His presiding over the assembly saw the largest number of laws being voted in the history of Serbian parliamentarism, while as the mayor of Belgrade he was responsible for cobbling the muddy city streets. He was reelected twice as president of the National Assembly from 13 June 1893 to April 1895 (though from September 1893 only in name; his deputy Dimitrije Katić acted for him) and 12 July 1897 to 29 June 1898 and once more mayor of Belgrade 22 January 1897 to 25 November 1897.[32]
After wisely not accepting to head the government immediately after his return from exile, Nikola Pašić became prime minister for the first time on 23 February 1891. However, ex-king Milan returned to Serbia in May 1890 and again began campaigning against Pašić and the Radicals. On 16 June 1892, Kosta Protić, one of three regents during the minority of Alexander I, died. Under the constitution, the National Assembly was to elect a new regent, but as the assembly was on several months' vacation, Pašić had to call for an emergency session. Jovan Ristić, the most powerful regent, fearing Pašić might be elected co-regent and thus undermine his position, refused to allow the extra session, and Pašić resigned as prime minister on 22 August 1892. During his tenure, he was also foreign minister from 2 April 1892 and acting finance minister from 3 November 1891.[32]
Alexander's coup d'état
In 1893, though still only 16 years old, King Alexander declared himself of age and dismissed the regents who had governed since 1889. He named moderate Radical Lazar Dokić to form a government. Though he received approval from some members of the Radical party to participate in the government, Pašić refused. To exclude him from the political scene in Serbia, Alexander sent Pašić as his extraordinary envoy to Russia in 1893–1894. In 1894, Alexander brought his father back to Serbia. In 1896, the king managed to force Pašić to back off from pushing for constitutional reforms. However, since 1897 both kings, Milan and Alexander, had ruled almost jointly. As both disliked Pašić, in 1898 they had him imprisoned for nine months because Samouprava published a statement about his previous opposition to King Milan. Pašić claimed he was misquoted, with no effect.[33]
Ivandan's assassination attempt
Former fireman, Đura Knežević, who was sentenced to death, tried to assassinate ex-king Milan in June 1899 (Serbian: Ивандањски атентат). The same evening, Milan declared that the Radical Party tried to kill him and all heads of the Radical Party were arrested, including Pašić who had just been released from prison from his previous sentence.[34] The accusations that the Radicals or Pašić were linked to the assassination attempt were unfounded. Still, Milan insisted that Nikola Pašić and Kosta Taušanović be sentenced to death.[35] Austria-Hungary feared that the execution of the pro-Russian Pašić would force Russia to intervene, abandoning an 1897 agreement to leave Serbia in status quo. A special envoy was sent from Vienna to Milan to warn him that Austria-Hungary would boycott the Obrenović dynasty if Pašić was executed. Noted Serbian historian Slobodan Jovanović later claimed that the entire assassination was staged so that Milan could get rid of the Radical Party.
Imprisoned and unaware of Austria-Hungary's interference,[36] Pašić confessed that the Radical Party had been disloyal to the dynasty, which probably saved many people from prison.[37] As part of the deal reached with the interior minister Đorđe Genčić, the government officially left its own role out of the statement, so that it appeared that Pašić behaved cowardly and succumbed to the pressure. Pašić was sentenced to five years but released immediately. This caused future conflict within the Radical Party as younger members considered Pašić a coward and traitor, and split from the party. For the remainder of Alexander's rule, Pašić retired from politics. Although the young monarch disliked Pašić, he was often summoned for consultations but would refrain from giving advice and insist that he was no longer involved with politics.
Nikola Pašić was not among the conspirators who plotted to assassinate King Alexander. The assassination occurred on the night of 10–11 June [O.S. 28–29 May] 1903, and both the King and Queen Draga Mašin were killed, as well as Prime Minister Dimitrije Cincar-Marković and Defence Minister Milovan S. Pavlović. The Radical Party did not form the first cabinet after the coup d'état, but after winning the elections on 4 October 1903, they remained in almost uninterrupted power for the next 15 years.
In the beginning, the Radicals opposed the appointment of a new king, Peter I Karađorđević, calling his appointment illegal. But Pašić later changed his mind after seeing how people willingly accepted the new monarch as well as King Peter I, educated in Western Europe, was a democratic, mild ruler, unlike the last two despotic and erratic Obrenović sovereigns. In the next two decades, the major clash between the king and the prime minister would be Pašić's refusal to raise to royal appanage.[citation needed]
Nikola Pašić became foreign minister on 8 February 1904 in Sava Grujić's cabinet and headed a government under his own presidency 10 December 1904 to 28 May 1905, continuing as foreign minister as well. During the following decade, under the leadership of Pašić and the Radical Party, Serbia grew so prosperous that many historians call this period the modern golden age of Serbia. The country evolved into a European democracy and with financial and economic growth, political influence also grew which caused constant problems with Serbia's largest neighbour, Austria-Hungary, which even developed plans to turn Serbia into one of its provinces (already in 1879 German chancellorOtto von Bismarck said that Serbia was the stumbling-block in Austria's development). [citation needed]
Austro-Hungarian customs war
As Austro-Hungarian latent provocations of Serbia concerning Serbs living in Bosnia and Herzegovina, officially still part of the Ottoman Empire but occupied by Austria-Hungary since 1878 and causing problems to Serbian exports which mainly went through Austria-Hungary (as Serbia was landlocked) didn't bring results, Austria-Hungary began a customs war in 1906. Pašić formed another cabinet from 30 April 1906 to 20 July 1908. Pressured by the Austro-Hungarian government which asked from Serbia to buy everything from Austrian companies, from salt to cannons, he replied to Austrian government that he personally would do that, but that the National Assembly was against this.
Austria-Hungary closed the borders which did cause a severe blow to the Serbian economy initially, but later it will bounce back even more developed than it was, thanks to the Pašić swift change towards the Western European countries. He forced conspirators of the 1903 coup into retirement which was a condition for reestablishing diplomatic connections with the United Kingdom, he bought cannons from France, etc. In the midst of the customs war, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 which caused mass protests in Serbia and political instability, but Pašić managed to calm the situation down. In this period, Pašić's major ally, Imperial Russia, was not much of a help, being defeated by Japan in the Russo-Japanese War and facing domestic political instability.[citation needed]
Pašić formed two more cabinets (24 October 1909 to 4 July 1911 and from 12 September 1912). He was one of the major players in the formation of the Balkan League which later resulted in the First Balkan War (1912–13) and the Second Balkan War (1913) which almost doubled the size of Serbia with the territories of what was at the time considered Old Serbia (Kosovo, Metohija and Vardar Macedonia), retaken from the Ottomans after five centuries.[citation needed] He clashed with some military structures about the handling of the newly acquired territories. Pašić believed the area should be included into the Serbian political and administrative system through the democratic elections, while the Royal Serbian Army sought to keep the areas under the military control. After one year of tensions Pašić dismissed the military administrator of Old Serbia and scheduled new elections for 1914 but the outbreak of World War I prevented it.[citation needed]
Outbreak of the Great War
After the Assassination in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 when members of the Serbian revolutionary organization Young Bosnia assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir-apparentArchduke Franz Ferdinand, the Austro-Hungarian government immediately accused the Serbian government of being behind the assassination.[citation needed] The general consensus today is that government did not organize it, but how much Pašić knew about it is still a controversial issue and it appears that every historian has his or her own opinion on the subject: Pašić knew nothing (Ćorović); Pašić knew something is about to happen and told Russia that Austria would attack Serbia before the assassination (Dragnić); Pašić knew but as the assassins were connected to the powerful members of the Serbian intelligence, was afraid to do anything about it personally so he warned Vienna (Balfour).[citation needed]
Austria-Hungary presented him the July Ultimatum, written together with the envoys of the German ambassadors in such a vein that it would be unlikely for the Serbian government to accept. After extensive consultations in the country itself and formidable pressure from outside to accept it, Pašić told the Austrian ambassador Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen (who had already packed his bags) that Serbia accepted all the ultimatum demands except that Austrian police could independently travel throughout Serbia and conduct their own investigation.[citation needed] Austria-Hungary answered by formally declaring war on Serbia on 28 July 1914.
World War I and Yugoslavia
Glory, defeat and the South Slav state
From the left: A. Trumbić, Nikola Pašić, Milenko Vesnić and Ivan Žolger
Serbian defeat was considered to be imminent, at least by external onlookers, compared to the strength of the Austria-Hungary. Serbia had obviously prepared well, however, and after a series of battles in 1914–1915 (Battle of Cer, Battle of Kolubara), the loss and recapture of Belgrade, and a Serbian counter-offensive with occupation of some Austrian territories (in Syrmia and eastern Bosnia), the Austro-Hungarian Army backed off. On 5 July 1914, things changed as old King Peter I relinquished his duties to the heir apparent Alexander, making him his regent.[citation needed]
On 17 September 1914, Pašić and Albanian leader Essad Pasha Toptani signed in Niš the secret Treaty of Serbian-Albanian Alliance.[38] The treaty had 15 points which focused on setting up joint Serbian-Albanian political and military institutions, as well as a military alliance between Albania and Serbia. The treaty also envisaged building of the rail-road to Durrës, financial and military support of the Kingdom of Serbia to Essad Pasha's position as Albanian ruler and drawing of the demarcation line by a special Serbo-Albanian commission.[39] In October 1914, Essad Pasha returned to Albania. With Italian and Serbian financial backing, he established armed forces in Dibër and captured the interior of Albania and Durrës. Pašić ordered that his followers be aided with money and arms.[40]
Unlike Peter, Alexander was not a democratic spirit, rather a dictatorial one and personally disliked Pašić and talk of democracy. Open strife began very soon, when Serbia was proposed the London Pact by which it was supposed to expand into most of the ethnic Serbian territories to the west, including a section of the Adriatic coast and some ethnic Albanian territories in northern Albania. In return, Serbia was supposed to relinquish part of Vardar Macedonia to Bulgaria so that the latter would enter the war on the Entente side.[citation needed] Both Pašić and Prince-regent Alexander were against this as they considered it to be the betrayal of the Croatians, Slovenians and Serbian sacrifices in the Balkan Wars, as negotiations for the future South Slav state already began. However, Pašić and King Peter were not personally much for the Yugoslav idea, unlike the regent who pushed the issue for creating as large a state as possible. Serbia refused the pact and was attacked by Austria-Hungary, Germany and Bulgaria. The Government and the army retreated to the south in the direction of Greece, but were cut off by Bulgarian forces and had to go through Albania and to the Greek island of Corfu where the Corfu Declaration was signed in 1917 preparing the ground for the future South Slav state of Yugoslavia.[citation needed]
Creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SHS) was officially proclaimed on 1 December 1918, and, being the Prime Minister of Serbia at that time, Pašić was generally considered the de facto Prime Minister of the new South Slav state, as well.[citation needed] The political agreement was reached that Pašić would continue on as Prime Minister when the first government of the new state was to be formed, but as a result of his longtime dislike of Pašić, Prince-regent Alexander nominated Stojan Protić to form the government. Consequently, Pašić stepped down on 20 December 1918.[citation needed]
Despite being removed from the government, as the most experienced of politicians, Nikola Pašić was the main negotiator for the new state at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. In an effort to secure the maximalist[further explanation needed] agenda of the regent, he did not push on the question of the Czech Corridor, Timișoara, and Szeged, managed to secure borders with Albania and Bulgaria, but failed to annex Fiume (which became an independent state) and most of Carinthia (which remained part of Austria). At the time when Benito Mussolini was willing to modify the Treaty of Rapallo, which cut off a quarter of Slovene ethnic territory from the remaining three-quarters of Slovenes living in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, in order to annex the Free State of Fiume to Italy, Pašić's attempts to correct the borders at Postojna and Idrija were undermined by Prince-regent Alexander preferring "good relations" with Italy.[41]
Elections held on 28 November 1920 showed that the Radical Party was the second strongest in the country, having just one seat less than the Democratic Party (91 to 92, respectively, out of 419 seats). However, Pašić managed to form a coalition and became Prime Minister again on 1 January 1921.[citation needed]
As soon as talks about the constitution of the new state began, two diametrically opposite sides, Serbian and Croatian, were established. Both Pašić and Prince-regent Alexander wanted a unitary state but for different reasons. Pašić considered that the Serbs could be outvoted in such a state and that an unconsolidated and heterogeneous entity would fall apart if it was a federal one, while the prince-regent simply didn't like to share power with others, which was shown 8 years later when he conducted a coup d'état.[citation needed]
Stjepan Radić, a leading Croatian politician for a joint Serbian-Croatian state would be a temporary solution on the way to Croatian independence,[citation needed] asked for a federal republic. As Pašić had majority in the assembly, a new constitution was proclaimed on Vidovdan (St. Vitus day), 28 June 1921, organizing the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as a parliamentary (albeit highly unitary) monarchy, abolishing even the remaining shreds of autonomy which had Slovenia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Vojvodina (provincial governments). In the early 1920s, the Yugoslav government of Prime Minister Pašić used police pressure over voters and ethnic minorities, confiscation of opposition pamphlets[43] and other measures of election rigging to keep the opposition, mainly the autonomy-minded Croats, in minority in the Yugoslav parliament.[44][45]
Pašić remained prime minister until 8 April 1926, with a short break 27 July 1924 to 6 November 1924, when the government was headed by Ljuba Davidović. After relinquishing temporarily the post to his party colleague Nikola Uzunović, Pasic attempted in 1926 to regain his job. Now a king, Alexander refused to reappoint Pašić using as a pretext the scandals of Pašić's son Rade. The following day, on 10 December 1926, Nikola Pašić suffered a heart attack and died in Belgrade, at age 80. He was interred in Belgrade's New Cemetery. Milenko Vesnić is interred to the right of Pašić's grave and Janko Vukotić is interred to the left of the grave.[46]
Private life
Nikola Pašić and his daughter Pava
Nikola Pašić married Đurđina Duković, daughter of a wealthy Serbian grains trader from Trieste. They were married in the Russian church in Florence to avoid the gathering of the numerous Serbian colony in Trieste and had three children: son Radomir-Rade and daughters Dara and Pava. Radomir-Rade had two sons: Vladislav, an architect (died 1978) and Nicholas "Nikola" [sr] (1918–2015), an Oxford University law graduate who resided in Toronto, Canada, where he founded a Serbian National Academy.[47]
The Last Audience, a television miniseries based on the biography of Nikola Pašić and directed by George Kadijevich, was produced in 2008 by the Serbian broadcasting service RTS.[50]
References
^"Nikola Pašić najduže premijer" [Nikola Pašić is the longest-serving prime minister]. Blic (in Serbian). 27 August 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^Maričić, Slobodan (12 April 2022). "Koja je tajna duge vladavine Nikole Pašića" [What is the secret to the long rule of Nikola Pašić]. BBC News (in Serbian). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^Vulićević, Marina (27 March 2023). "Pašićeve promašaje trpimo i danas" [We still suffer from Pašić's failures today]. Politika (in Serbian). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^Müller, Jan-Werner; Pešić, Vesna; Stojanović, Dubravka (14 November 2017). "Šta ja nama populizam" [What is populism to us]. Peščanik (in Serbian). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^ abcZbornik Matice srpske za književnost i jezik. Matica srpska. 1974. p. 359. Милетић је претпостављао да је Никола Пашић пореклом из Тетевена, одакле му је дошао отац или дед. Ја сам га упозорио да словеначки етнолог Нико Жупанич констатује да је Н. Пашић пореклом из трговачке породице која се под крај XVI века доселила од Тетова и основала село Звездан код Зајечара (Станојевићева Енциклопедија III, 309) а и сам Пашић у више ма- хова казивао је да су му се стари доселили из околине тетовскога манастира Леш[о]ка. Ово је између осталога казао мом оцу Петру, с којим је зајед- но суђен због ивањданскога атентата, а говорио је тако у Бури Илкићу, школ- ском другу свога сина и домаћем пријатељу породице, који је још жив, као и другима кад би се распитивали
^Jovan Dučić (1969). Sabrana djela. Vol. 6. p. 197. Пашић је пореклом из Извора у близини За- јечара. Тамо се налази неко људско насеље где су сви људи мање него осредњи, плавих јасних очију, који мало говоре, а воле брзе коње. Пашић је сам за своју породицу говорио да је из Тето- ва у Маћедонији, макар што се онамо затро сва- ки спомен на његове претке; а Бугари су то об- ртали говорећи да је Пашић из Тетувена у Бу- гарској
^Чилингиров, Стилиян. Какво е дал българинът на другите народи. 1938, 1939, 1941, 1991, 2006. с. 90-91.
^MacKenzie, David (1996). Violent Solutions: Revolutions, Nationalism, and Secret Societies in Europe to 1918. University Press of America. p. 233. ISBN978-0-76180-399-7.
^Sforca 1990, p. 36, "Пашић је говорио доста течно бугарски, али је у говор мешао велики број српских речи и израза. Оне младе пријатеље Каравелове који су били пореклом из области Старе Планине Пашић је често питао о карактеристика- ма тога краја Бугарске. Објашњавао им је да су се његови преци иселили одатле у Србију пре неколико генерација. Бугарска сведочанства потпуно се разилазе у једном важном питању: да ли се Пашић бавио активном политиком за време свога изгнанства у Софији.". sfn error: no target: CITEREFSforca1990 (help)
^Sforca 1990, p. 36. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSforca1990 (help)
^Draganich, Alex N. (1978). The Development of Parliamentary Government in Serbia. East European quarterly. p. 90. ISBN978-0-91471-037-0.
^Draganich, Alex N. (1998). Serbia and Yugoslavia: Historical Studies and Contemporary Commentaries. East European Monographs. p. 18. ISBN978-0-88033-412-9.
^Bataković, Dušan T. (1992). "Serbian government and Essad Pasha Toptani". The Kosovo Chronicles. Belgrade, Serbia: Knižara Plato. ISBN86-447-0006-5. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2016. The 15 points envisaged the setting up of joint political and military institutions,... focused on a military alliance, the construction of an Adriatic railroad to Durazzo and guarantees that Serbia would support Essad Pasha's election as the Albanian ruler. ...The demarcation between the two countries was to be drawn by a special Serbo-Albanian commission
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Lihat pula: Shelter Bulak dan Terminal Kedung Cowek Terminal KenjeranTerminal Penumpang Tipe C(nonaktif)Jalur Lintasan Angkutan Kota Terminal KenjeranLokasiJalan Abdul Latif, Kelurahan Kenjeran, Kecamatan Bulak, Kota Surabaya, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Kodepos 60123Kawasan Utara Surabaya IndonesiaKoordinat7°14′25″S 112°47′41″E / 7.240345°S 112.794613°E / -7.240345; 112.794613Koordinat: 7°14′25″S 112°47′41″E / 7.240345°S 112.794613...
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Prancis Terbuka (disambiguasi). Prancis TerbukaSitus web resmiDidirikan1908; 116 tahun lalu (1908)Edisi91 (2024)LokasiParis (2024)PrancisTempatArena Porte de La Chapelle (2024)HadiahUS$850.000PutraPeserta32S / 32DJuara terkiniShi Yuqi (tunggal)Satwiksairaj RankireddyChirag Shetty (ganda)Gelar tunggal terbanyak4George Alan ThomasHenri PellizzaGelar ganda terbanyak4George Alan ThomasHenri PellizzaEddy L. ChoongCarsten MogensenPutriPeserta32S / 32DJuara terkiniAn ...
Radio station in Micanopy, FloridaWSKY-FMMicanopy, FloridaBroadcast areaGainesville-Ocala, FloridaFrequency97.3 MHz (HD Radio)BrandingNewstalk 97.3 The SkyProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatTalk radioSubchannelsHD2: Regional MexicanAffiliationsABC News RadioFox News RadioCompass Media NetworksPremiere NetworksRadio AmericaWestwood OneOwnershipOwnerAudacy, Inc.(Audacy License, LLC, as Debtor-in-Possession)Sister stationsWKTKHistoryFirst air dateSeptember 7, 1985; 38 years ago ...
Jalani MimpiSingel oleh NOAHdari album Keterkaitan KeterikatanDirilis16 September 2017 (2017-09-16)Direkam2016 (2016) – 2017 (2017)GenrePop rockrock alternatif[1]Durasi3:58LabelMusica Studio'sKomponis musikLukmanLirikusLukmanUkiMuhammad Dwi MaulanaProduserUkiKronologi singel NOAH Cinta Bukan Dusta (2016) Jalani Mimpi / My Situation (2017) Biar Ku Sendiri (2017) Daftar lagu Keterkaitan Keterikatan8 lagu Wanitaku Kupeluk Hatimu Mendekati Lugu Mencari Cinta ...
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Finnish. (June 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-q...
District in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, RussiaAnadyrsky District Анадырский районDistrictWinter view across Lake Maynits in Anadyrsky District FlagCoat of armsLocation of Anadyrsky District in Chukotka Autonomous OkrugCoordinates: 65°16′48″N 172°38′56″E / 65.28000°N 172.64889°E / 65.28000; 172.64889CountryRussiaFederal subjectChukotka Autonomous Okrug[1]Established1927[2]Administrative centerAnadyr[1]Government •...
Guerra civile cambogianaparte della guerra del VietnamCarri armati statunitensi in Cambogia, aprile 1970Data11 marzo 1967 - 17 aprile 1975 LuogoCambogia Esito Vittoria dei Khmer rossi fondazione della Kampuchea Democratica e inizio del genocidio cambogiano Schieramenti Regno di Cambogia (fino al 1970) Repubblica Khmer (dal 1970) Stati Uniti Vietnam del SudSupporto da: Australia Taiwan Nuova Zelanda Filippine Corea del Sud Thailandia Governo reale d'unità nazionale di Kampuchea Fron...
Joker Icopal 2017GénéralitésÉquipe Joker Fuel of NorwayCode UCI TJIStatut Équipe continentalePays NorvègeSport Cyclisme sur routeEffectif 12PalmarèsNombre de victoires 2Joker Byggtorget 2016Joker Icopal 2018 (d)modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata La saison 2017 de l'équipe cycliste Joker Icopal est la onzième de cette équipe. Préparation de la saison 2017 Sponsors et financement de l'équipe Depuis 2008 l'équipe est toujours financée par la chaîne de supermarch...
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American basketball player (born 1999) Wendell Carter Jr.Carter at the 2017 McDonald's All-American GameNo. 34 – Orlando MagicPositionCenter / power forwardLeagueNBAPersonal informationBorn (1999-04-16) April 16, 1999 (age 25)Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.Listed height6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)Listed weight270 lb (122 kg)Career informationHigh schoolPace Academy(Atlanta, Georgia)CollegeDuke (2017–2018)NBA draft2018: 1st round, 7th overall pickSelected by the Chicago...
Avatar - La leggenda di Aangserie TV d'animazione Logo originale della serie Titolo orig.Avatar: The Last Airbender Lingua orig.inglese PaeseStati Uniti AutoreMichael Dante DiMartino, Bryan Konietzko RegiaAaron Ehasz, Lauren MacMullan (st. 1-2), Dave Filoni (st. 1), Giancarlo Volpe, Anthony Lioi (st. 1), Ethan Spaulding (st. 2-3), Michael Dante DiMartino (Il Regno della Terra è sconfitto), Joaquim Dos Santos (st. 3) Produ...
John CollisonCollison saat mengikuti Web Summit (2014)Lahir6 Agustus 1990 (umur 33)Dromineer, County Tipperary, IrlandiaPendidikanCastletroy CollegeAlmamaterUniversitas HarvardDikenal atasCroma; Stripe John Collison (lahir 6 Agustus 1990) adalah seorang miliarder Irlandia dan salah satu pendiri serta Presiden Stripe yang ia dirikan bersama saudaranya Patrick pada tahun 2010. Collison adalah miliarder termuda pada tahun 2016. Pada tahun 2022, menurut Indeks Miliarder Bloomberg, kekayaan ...
Rebecca Masika Katsuva Rebecca Masika Katsuva (26 May 1966 – 2 February 2016)[1] was an activist and a survivor of sexual assault from the Democratic Republic of Congo. She founded the Association des Personnes Desherites Unies pour le Development (APDUD) and defended the rights of survivors including children in the South Kivu region of the DRC.[2] Personal life During the Second Congo War in 1999, attackers killed Katsuva's husband and sexually assaulted her and her daught...
Historic district in Pennsylvania, United States United States historic placeClemson Island Prehistoric DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district Clemson IslandShow map of PennsylvaniaShow map of the United StatesNearest citySouthern portion of Clemson Island in the Susquehanna River, Halifax Township, PennsylvaniaCoordinates40°27′54.5″N 76°56′44.4″W / 40.465139°N 76.945667°W / 40.465139; -76.945667Area14.5 acres (5.9 ha)N...
لاغازيتا ديلو سبورتLa Gazzetta dello Sport (بالإيطالية) الشعارمعلومات عامةتصدر كل 1 يوم بلد المنشأ إيطاليا التأسيس 3 أبريل 1896 القطع تابلويد موقع الويب gazzetta.it[1] شخصيات هامةالمالك Sonzogno (en) (1913 – ) المؤسس Eugenio Camillo Costamagna (en) التحريراللغة الإيطالية الإدارةالمقر الرئيسي ميلانو الناش�...
Ini adalah nama Batak Toba, marganya adalah Munte. Hamonangan Iskandar Munthe Bupati Flores Timur ke-6Masa jabatan1989–1994PresidenSoehartoGubernurHendrikus FernandezHerman MusakabePendahuluSimon Petrus SoliwoaPenggantiHendrikus Henky Mukin Informasi pribadiLahir(1944-11-15)15 November 1944Kabanjahe, Sumatera UtaraMeninggal22 September 2017(2017-09-22) (umur 72)Denpasar, BaliSuami/istridr. SupartiniAnak3ProfesiMiliterKarier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan Darat...
