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His Eminence

Nicola Canali
His Eminence; Nicola Canali
President of the Pontifical Commission for the Vatican State
	Canali in 1938
Church	Roman Catholic Church
Appointed	20 March 1939
Term ended	3 August 1961
Successor	Amleto Giovanni Cicognani
Other post(s)	Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere (1935–61); Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (1940–61); Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary (1941–61); Protodeacon (1946–61); Pro-President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See (1951–61);
Previous post(s)	Substitute for General Affairs (1908–14); Secretary of the Congregation of Ceremonies (1914–26); Assessor of the Congregation of the Holy Office (1926–35); Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals (1950–51);
Orders
Ordination	31 March 1900; by Francesco Satolli
Created cardinal	16 December 1935; by Pope Pius XI
Rank	Cardinal-Deacon
Personal details
Born	Nicola Canali; 6 June 1874; Rieti, Kingdom of Italy
Died	3 August 1961 (aged 87); Vatican City
Buried	Sant'Onofrio al Gianicolo
Parents	Filippo Canali; Leonetta Vincentini
Alma mater	Pontifical Gregorian University; Pontifical Academy of Saint Thomas Aquinas
Motto	Semper fidelis
Coat of arms

Nicola Canali (6 June 1874 – 3 August 1961) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as president of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State from 1939 and as Major Penitentiary from 1941 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935. He was Grand Master of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, a prestigious papal order of knighthood, from 1949 until 1960.

Early life and education

Canali was born in Rieti to Marquis Filippo Canali and his wife, the Countess Leonetta Vincentini. After studying at the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome, he was ordained to the priesthood on 31 March 1900 in the Lateran Basilica.

Career

On 1 September 1903, Canali was made private secretary to Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val and entered the Roman Curia, in the Secretariat of State. He was raised to the rank of Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness in November of that same year. On 21 March 1908, Monsignor Canali was appointed Substitute for General Affairs, or deputy, of the Secretary of State. He was made a Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on the following 23 March, and later Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonies on 24 September 1914. As Secretary, he served as the second-highest official of that dicastery, successively under the brother Cardinals Serafino Vannutelli and Vincenzo Vannutelli. Canali was named assessor of the Holy Office on 27 June 1926, and a Protonotary Apostolic on the following 15 September.

Cardinal Merry del Val and Milenko Vesnić signing the Concordat between the Holy See and Serbia in 1914. Left to right: Eugenio Pacelli (Secretary of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs), Rafael Merry del Val (Vatican Secretary of State), Nicola Canali (his private secretary), Mons. Dionigi Cardon (Vatican's negotiator in Belgrade), Milenko Radomar Vesnić (Special Minister of Serbia).

Pope Pius XI created him Cardinal-Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere in the consistory of 16 December 1935. Canali was one of the cardinal electors in the 1939 papal conclave that selected Pope Pius XII, who appointed him the first President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State on 20 March 1939.

Made Major Penitentiary on 15 October 1941, the Cardinal was appointed Pro-President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See in 1951 (remaining in that post until his death), and participated in the 1958 papal conclave, which resulted in the election of Pope John XXIII. In virtue of his position as Cardinal Protodeacon, he both announced Pope John's election and later crowned him on 4 November 1958. He was made Protector of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre on 16 July 1940, and later its Grand Master on 26 December 1949.^[1] In 1951, Canali sought in vain to be elected Grand Master of the Sovereign Order of Malta,^[2]^[3] but the duties of that office were incompatible with his role in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, rendering him unable to be considered for the office. Not satisfied, Canali sought the support of the Vatican to remove the sovereign character of the Order of Malta and put it under the sole tutelage of the Holy See. His plans failed, creating a profound crisis. It took a decision of Pope Pius XII to put an end to the controversy. On 24 January 1953 Pius XII promulgated answers to two questions that had been propounded to him, "Is the Order of Malta a religious order?" and "Is the Order of Malta still sovereign?" answering in the affirmative in both cases.^[4]

In 1949, when Azione Cattolica asked permission "to sell souvenirs in St. Peter's Square", Canali refused and said that "St. Peter's is a house of prayer". This followed a case of planned pickpocketing in St. Peter's Square, and the subsequent banning of all vendors, photographers, and beggars.^[5]

Death

Canali died from pneumonia in his Vatican apartment, at age 87.^[6] He was buried in the church of S. Onofrio al Gianicolo in Rome. He was the last non-bishop cardinal to die before Pope John XXIII issued on 15 April 1962 the motu proprio Cum gravissima, providing that thenceforth all cardinals should receive episcopal consecration. Despite this, Canali was not the last non-bishop cardinal, since a few, such as Avery Dulles, have obtained dispensation from this rule.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ The Papal Orders. The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem Archived 9 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ Galimard Flavigny 2006, p. 265
^ Canali's conduct was the subject of the novel Knights of Malta by Roger Peyrefitte published in 1957.
^ Sire, H.J.A. (1996). The Knights of Malta. Yale University Press. pp. 260–266. ISBN 978-0300068856.
^ TIME Magazine. The Money-Changers 3 October 1949
^ TIME Magazine. Milestones 11 August 1961

Sources

Galimard Flavigny, Bertrand (2006). Histoire de l'ordre de Malte. Perrin, Paris. ISBN 978-2262021153.

External links

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by none	President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State 20 March 1939 – 3 August 1961	Succeeded by Amleto Giovanni Cicognani
Preceded by Lorenzo Lauri	Major Penitentiary 15 October 1941 – 3 August 1961	Succeeded by Arcadio Larraona Saralegui
Preceded by Camillo Caccia-Dominioni	Cardinal Protodeacon 12 November 1946 – 3 August 1961	Succeeded by Alfredo Ottaviani
Preceded by Pope Pius XII	Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem 25 December 1949 – 19 August 1960	Succeeded by Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant