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Nesophontes; Temporal range: Quaternary
	Nesophontes edithae
Conservation status
	Extinct (c. 1700)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Eulipotyphla
Family:	†Nesophontidae; Anthony, 1916
Genus:	†Nesophontes; Anthony, 1916
Species
	†Nesophontes edithae; †Nesophontes hemicingulus; †Nesophontes hypomicrus; †Nesophontes major; †Nesophontes micrus; †Nesophontes paramicrus; †Nesophontes zamicrus

Nesophontes, sometimes called West Indies shrews, is the sole genus of the extinct, monotypic mammal family Nesophontidae in the order Eulipotyphla. These animals were small insectivores, about 5 to 15 cm long, with a long slender snout and head and a long tail. They were endemic to the Greater Antilles (except Jamaica), in Cuba, Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti), Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Cayman Islands.

Extinction

Although reliable estimates are unavailable, these animals are confirmed to have survived the Pleistocene extinction, since remains have been found among those of Rattus and Mus species. Some authorities estimate extinction coinciding with the arrival of rats aboard Spanish vessels in the early 16th century (1500). Others, such as Morgan and Woods, claim that some species survived until the early 20th century.^[2] A phylogenetic study in 2016, based on DNA extracted from a specimen about 750 years old, suggests their nearest relatives are the solenodons, although the two groups diverged more than 40 million years ago.^[3]

The West Indies shrews have been described only from fossil records and skeletal material in owl pellets found in the Greater Antilles and surrounding islands. Recent efforts to locate surviving populations have been unsuccessful.^[4] Although some Nesophontes remains in owl pellets have been reported as fresh-appearing, radiocarbon dating has failed to support any post-16th century dates, suggesting that the nesophontids became extinct very rapidly at approximately the time of European discovery and settlement of the Greater Antilles,^[5] although the Cayman nesophontes possibly survived until around 1632 to 1774,^[6] with a likely extinction date of c. 1700.^[7]

Species

Since Nesophontes species have only been observed through fossil records, the exact number of species varies among authorities. Some claim as many as 12 valid species, while other claim as few as six.^[1]

Puerto Rican nesophontes (Nesophontes edithae)
Cayman nesophontes (Nesophontes hemicingulus)
Atalaye nesophontes (Nesophontes hypomicrus)
Greater Cuban nesophontes (Nesophontes major)
Western Cuban nesophontes (Nesophontes micrus)
St. Michel nesophontes (Nesophontes paramicrus)
Haitian nesophontes (Nesophontes zamicrus)

References

^ ^a ^b Hutterer, R. (2005). "Order Soricomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 220–222. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Morgan, G. S. & C. A. Woods (1986). "Extinction and the zoogeography of West Indian land mammals". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 28 (1–2): 167–203. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01753.x.
^ Brace, S.; Thomas, J. A.; Dalén, L.; Burger, J.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Barnes, I. & Turvey, S. T. (2016). "Evolutionary history of the Nesophontidae, the last unplaced Recent mammal family" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 33 (12): 3095–3103. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw186. PMID 27624716.
^ Woods, C. A., J. A. Ottenwalder, and W. L. R. Oliver (1985). "Lost mammals of the Greater Antilles: summarized findings of a ten week field survey in the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Puerto Rico". Dodo (Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust). 22: 23–42.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ MacPhee, R. D. E., C. Flemming, D. P. Lunde (1999). ""Last occurrence" of the Antillean insectivoran Nesophontes : new radiometric dates and their interpretation". American Museum Novitates (3261). hdl:2246/3106.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Gary S. Morgan; Ross D.E. Macphee; Roseina Woods; Samuel T. Turvey (2019). "Late Quaternary fossil mammals from the Cayman Islands, West Indies". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2019 (428): 1–82. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.428.1.1. hdl:2246/6928. S2CID 92503421.
^ "Three new mammal species discovered in Cayman Islands after bones found inside crocodiles". The Independent. 2019-03-05. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2020-09-15.