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Neolithodes
	Neolithodes crab at the Davidson Seamount off California
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Decapoda
Suborder:	Pleocyemata
Infraorder:	Anomura
Family:	Lithodidae
Subfamily:	Lithodinae
Genus:	Neolithodes; A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894
Type species
	Neolithodes grimaldii; (A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894)

Neolithodes is a genus of king crabs in the subfamily Lithodinae.^[1] They are found in all major oceans, both in high and low latitudes. Although there are records from water as shallow as 70 m (230 ft) in cold regions, most records are much deeper, typically 700–2,000 m (2,300–6,600 ft), with the deepest confirmed at 5,238 m (17,185 ft).^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] They are fairly large to large crabs that typically are reddish in color and spiny, although the size of these spines varies depending on species (from long in species like N. grimaldii to very short in species like N. flindersi, and tending to be more pronounced in small than in large individuals).^[4]^[7]

Interactions with other species

Various sessile organisms such as barnacles are sometimes attached to their carapace and legs,^[3]^[8] and small commensal amphipods may live in their carapace.^[9] They are occasionally the victims of parasitic snailfish of the genus Careproctus, which lay their egg mass in the gill chamber of the crab, forming a mobile "home" until they hatch.^[4] Conversely, some juvenile Neolithodes have a commensal relationship with Scotoplanes sea cucumbers. To protect itself from large predators, the young crab hides under the sea cucumber.^[10]

Etymology

The word Neolithodes derives from the Greek neo, meaning new, and Lithodes, a closely related genus of king crab. The name of the latter genus originates from the Latin lithodes, meaning stone like.^[11]

Species

Neolithodes contains the following species:^[1]

Scientific name	Common name	Distribution
Neolithodes agassizii (Smith, 1882)		Western Atlantic
Neolithodes asperrimus Barnard, 1947		South Africa, Mauritania
Neolithodes brodiei Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1970		New Zealand and adjacent waters
Neolithodes bronwynae Ahyong, 2010	Rock crab	Bay of Plenty, Lord Howe Rise, eastern Australia, possibly New Caledonia
Neolithodes capensis Stebbing, 1905		Southern Ocean, Indian Ocean, Bellingshausen Sea
Neolithodes diomedeae (Benedict, 1895)		Eastern Pacific, Southwestern Atlantic, Southern Ocean
Neolithodes duhameli Macpherson, 2004		Crozet Islands
Neolithodes flindersi Ahyong, 2010		Southeastern Australia
Neolithodes grimaldii (Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894)	Porcupine crab	North Atlantic
Neolithodes indicus Padate, Cubelio & Takeda, 2020		Southeastern Arabian Sea
Neolithodes nipponensis Sakai, 1971		Japan and Taiwan
Neolithodes vinogradovi Macpherson, 1988		Range from the Arabian Sea to the Coral Sea
Neolithodes yaldwyni Ahyong & Dawson, 2006		Ross Sea

References

^ ^a ^b Ahyong, Shane T. (12 December 2023). "Neolithodes A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
^ Stevens, Bradley G., ed. (2014). King Crabs of the World: Biology and Fisheries Management. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/b16664. ISBN 978-1-4398-5541-6. LCCN 2013036692.^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b Quigley, Declan T. G.; Flannery, Kevin (April 1997). "Neolithodes grimaldii Milne Edwards & Bouvier 1894 (Lithodes goodei Benedict 1895) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) in Irish offshore waters". Irish Naturalists' Journal. 25 (10): 373–374. JSTOR 25536085. Retrieved 14 May 2020 – via ResearchGate.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ahyong, Shane T. (18 February 2010). "Neolithodes flindersi, a new species of king crab from southeastern Australia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae)". Zootaxa. 2362: 55–62. doi:10.5281/zenodo.193654. Retrieved 14 May 2020 – via ResearchGate.
^ Macpherson, Enrique (2001). "New species and new records of lithodid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the southwestern and central Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Zoosystema. 23 (4): 797–805. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2020 – via the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
^ Poore, Gary C. B.; Ahyong, Shane T. (2023). "Anomura". Marine Decapod Crustacea: A Guide to Families and Genera of the World. CRC Press. pp. 311–317. ISBN 978-1-4863-1178-1.
^ "Neolithodes grimaldii" (PDF). Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
^ Williams, Ruth; Moyse, John (May 1988). "Occurrence, Distribution, and Orientation of Poecilasma kaempferi Darwin (Cirripedia: Pedunculata) Epizoic on Neolithodes grimaldi Milne-edwards and Bouvier (Decapoda: Anomura) in the Northeast Atlantic". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 8 (2): 177–186. doi:10.2307/1548310. JSTOR 1548310.
^ Soto, Luis A.; Corona, Adriana (31 December 2007). "Gammaropsis (Podoceropsis) grasslei (Amphipoda: Photidae) a new species of commensal amphipod of the deep-water lithodid Neolithodes diomedeae from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California". Zootaxa. 1406: 33–39. doi:10.5281/zenodo.175510.
^ Barry, James P.; Taylor, Josi R.; Kuhnz, Linda A.; DeVogelaere, Andrew P. (15 October 2016). "Symbiosis between the holothurian Scotoplanes sp. A and the lithodid crab Neolithodes diomedeae on a featureless bathyal sediment plain". Marine Ecology. 38 (2): e12396. doi:10.1111/maec.12396. eISSN 1439-0485.
^ Emmerson, W.D. (2017). A Guide to, and Checklist for, the Decapoda of Namibia, South Africa and Mozambique. Vol. 2. Cambridge Scholars Publishing (published July 2016). pp. 90–93. ISBN 978-1-4438-9097-7.