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Neolamprologus
	Neolamprologus brichardi from Lake Tanganyika.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cichliformes
Family:	Cichlidae
Tribe:	Lamprologini
Genus:	Neolamprologus; Colombé & Allgayer, 1985
Type species
	Lamprologus tetracanthus; Boulenger, 1899

Neolamprologus is a genus of cichlids endemic to eastern Africa with all but one species, Neolamprologus devosi from the Malagarasi River, occurring in Lake Tanganyika. It is the largest genus of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika and also the largest genus in the tribe Lamprologini, which includes Altolamprologus, Chalinochromis, Julidochromis, Lamprologus, Lepidiolamprologus, Telmatochromis and Variabilichromis. The latter is a monotypic genus doubtfully distinct from Neolamprologus.

It is already known for some time that according to mtDNA sequence analysis, this genus is very probably polyphyletic. It is likely that it will be revised eventually; if Variabilichromis is split off, at least some of the more ancient lineages currently placed in Neolamprologus are probably worthy of separation also. However, the morphological similarity and numerous undescribed species do not make analyses easier, and as with many cichlids, recent speciation and abundant hybridization seriously confound molecular studies to the point where single-gene studies or those using only mtDNA or nDNA are essentially worthless for resolving Lamprologini phylogeny.^[1]

While lineages are clearly different in their morphology, habits and ecology, gene flow between genera and species is common enough due to extremely low postzygotic isolation. Males of Neolamprologus apparently have always readily and successfully mated with females of other Lamprologini they found ready to spawn: mtDNA lineages similar to other Lamprologini genera are widely encountered in species placed in Neolamprologus. And not only do such hybrids seem to be fertile at least to a limited extent in many cases, new species often appear to originate from such interbreeding.^[2]

Species

There are currently 46 recognized species in this genus:^[3]

Neolamprologus bifasciatus Büscher, 1993
Neolamprologus boulengeri Steindachner, 1909
Neolamprologus brevis Boulenger, 1899
Neolamprologus brichardi Poll, 1974
Neolamprologus buescheri Staeck, 1983
Neolamprologus cancellatus Aibara, T. Takahashi & Nakaya, 2005
Neolamprologus caudopunctatus Poll, 1978
Neolamprologus chitamwebwai Verburg & I. R. Bills, 2007
Neolamprologus christyi Trewavas & Poll, 1952
Neolamprologus crassus (Brichard, 1989)
Neolamprologus cylindricus Staeck & Seegers, 1986
Neolamprologus devosi Schelly, Stiassny & Seegers, 2003
Neolamprologus falcicula (Brichard, 1989)
Neolamprologus fasciatus Boulenger, 1898
Neolamprologus furcifer Boulenger, 1898
Neolamprologus gracilis (Brichard, 1989)
Neolamprologus helianthus Büscher, 1997
Neolamprologus leleupi Poll, 1956
Neolamprologus leloupi Poll, 1948
Neolamprologus longicaudatus Nakaya & Gashagaza, 1995
Neolamprologus longior Staeck, 1980
Neolamprologus marunguensis Büscher, 1989
Neolamprologus modestus Boulenger, 1898
Neolamprologus mondabu Boulenger, 1906
Neolamprologus multifasciatus Boulenger, 1906
Neolamprologus mustax Poll, 1978
Neolamprologus niger Poll, 1956
Neolamprologus nigriventris Büscher, 1992
Neolamprologus obscurus Poll, 1978
Neolamprologus olivaceous (Brichard, 1989)
Neolamprologus pectoralis Büscher, 1991
Neolamprologus petricola Poll, 1949
Neolamprologus pleuromaculatus Trewavas & Poll, 1952
Neolamprologus prochilus R. M. Bailey & D. J. Stewart, 1977
Neolamprologus pulcher Trewavas & Poll, 1952
Neolamprologus savoryi Poll, 1949
Neolamprologus schreyeni Poll, 1974
Neolamprologus sexfasciatus Trewavas & Poll, 1952
Neolamprologus similis Büscher, 1992
Neolamprologus splendens (Brichard, 1989)
Neolamprologus tetracanthus Boulenger, 1899 (Fourspine cichlid)
Neolamprologus timidus S. O. Kullander, Norén, Mi. Karlsson & Ma. Karlsson, 2014 ^[4]
Neolamprologus toae Poll, 1949
Neolamprologus tretocephalus Boulenger, 1899
Neolamprologus variostigma Büscher, 1995
Neolamprologus ventralis Büscher, 1995
Neolamprologus walteri Verburg & I. R. Bills, 2007
Neolamprologus wauthioni Poll, 1949

Footnotes

^ Sturmbauer et al. (1994), Day et al. (2007)
^ Day et al. (2007)
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Neolamprologus". FishBase. October 2018 version.
^ Kullander, S.O., Norén, M., Karlsson, M. & Karlsson, M. (2014): Description of Neolamprologus timidus, new species, and review of N. furcifer from Lake Tanganyika (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 24 (4) [2013]: 301-328.

References

Day, Julia J.; Santini, Simona & Garcia-Moreno, Jaime (2007): Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45(2): 629–642. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025 (HTML abstract)
Konings, A. (1998): Tanganyikan cichlids in their natural habitat. Cichlid Press.
Llambi, Lenny (2003): Neolamprologus pulcher "Daffodil II". Fincinnati 2003. PDF fulltext
Sturmbauer, C.; Verheyen. E.; Meyer, A. (1994): Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Lamprologini, the major substrate spawning lineage of cichild fishes from Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa. Mol. Biol. Evol. 11(4): 691-703. PDF fulltext