Navigation season

In the water transport, the navigation season (or shipping season^[1]) is a period of the year during which a waterway is open for navigation. The opening and closing dates of the season are determined annually by the waterway administration to accommodate the weather, water flow and ice^[2] conditions as well as the transportation demands.^[3] The term is also frequently used to designate number of days per year with easy navigation.^[1]

Terminology

In a general sense, in different contexts the term has slightly different meanings, multiple expressions are used^[1] (for the Northern Hemisphere):

summer navigation season;
winter navigation season with some waterways closed;
ice-free navigations season / independent navigation period when the ships can get through without the assistance from an icebreaker.

A traditional navigation season naturally varies from оne year to another, a fixed navigation season alternative sets firm dates for opening and closing (that can be changed based on conditions, but only to shorten the period), an extended navigation season utilizes technical means to continue navigation under adverse conditions (e.g., ice).^[4]

A navigation window is created by a short controlled release of water from an upstream reservoir to temporarily create a higher river stage for the purpose of navigation.^[5]

History

Antiquity

In Ancient Greece, the navigation period on the Mediterranean Sea lasted while the Pleiades star cluster was visible^[6] (May to November). Some interpretations of the Story of Wenamun (Ancient Egypt, circa 1000 BC) and texts from Ugarit (2nd millennium BC) suggest the existence of navigation seasons even earlier.^[7]

Europe

Navigation periods in Europe have a long history. Maritime law of Hanseatic League already in the 13th century stated that the ships must remain in the winter ports after St. Martin's Day (November 11). By the 15th century more detailed laws allowed sailing on the Baltic Sea from Cathedra Petri (February 22) to St. Martin's Day.^[8] The season in the North Sea was even shorter, from one Feast of the Cross (Invention of the Cross on May 3) to another (Exaltation of the Cross on September 14).^[9]

USA

Multiple Rivers and Harbors Acts left the administration of navigation on the major US waterways, including the commencement and closing of the navigation season, to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).^{[citation needed]}^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Pastusiak 2016, p. 6.
^ Transportation Research Board 2004, p. 30.
^ Joint practices and procedures respecting the transit of ships on the St. Lawrence Seaway, p. 4
^ USACE 1979, pp. 44–46.
^ Jones 1995, p. 11.
^ "Pleiad". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2022-02-15. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Sauvage 2008, p. 210.
^ Kreem 2011, p. 122.
^ Benedictow 2016, p. 118.
^ U.S. Government Printing Office 1994, p. 959. "Corps of Engineers determines what the season length is [for Great Lakes]"

Sources

Pastusiak, Tadeusz (6 August 2016). The Northern Sea Route as a Shipping Lane: Expectations and Reality. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-41834-6. OCLC 1008644453.
Kreem, Juhan (15 October 2011). "Seasonal isolation in the communication in Livonia". Isolated Islands in Medieval Nature, Culture and Mind. Central European University Press. pp. 120–127. doi:10.1515/9786155053252-012. ISBN 9786155053252.
Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (19 December 2016). The Black Death and Later Plague Epidemics in the Scandinavian Countries:: Perspectives and Controversies. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 118. ISBN 9788376560472. OCLC 1019988555.
USACE, United States Army Corps of Engineers. Detroit District (1979). Survey Study for Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway Navigation Season Extension: Draft, Volume 1. U.S. Army Engineer District, Detroit, Corps of Engineers. OCLC 10320207.
Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1994: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2490/2750 ... Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1994: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2490/2750. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1994. ISBN 978-0-16-043665-9. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
The Marine Transportation System and the Federal Role: Measuring Performance, Targeting Improvement. Special report (National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board). Transportation Research Board. 2004. ISBN 978-0-309-09452-8. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
Jones, William K. (April 11–12, 1995). Hatcher, Kathryn J. (ed.). "Effect of Navigation Windows on Salinity in the Apalachicola, Florida" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1995 Georgia Water Resources Conference. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia.
Sauvage, Caroline (January 2008). "Trade and Exchanges in the Late Bronze Age: an Adaptation to the Environmental Milieu". Proceedings of the 4th ICANE 29 March – 3 April 2004. 1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag: 207–218. ISBN 9783447057035.

This article related to water transport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Read other articles:

Abbazia di Chiaravalle

Abbazia_di_Chiaravalle

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Abbazia di Chiaravalle (disambigua). Abbazia di ChiaravalleL'esternoStato Italia RegioneLombardia LocalitàMilano IndirizzoVia Sant'Arialdo, 102 e Via S. Arialdo, 102 Coordinate45°24′56.94″N 9°14′13.18″E / 45.415817°N 9.236995°E45.415817; 9.236995Coordinate: 45°24′56.94″N 9°14′13.18″E / 45.415817°N 9.236995°E45.415817; 9.236995 Religionecattolica di rito ambrosiano Titola...

Like a Cat

Like a CatAlbum mini karya AOADirilis13 November 2014 (2014-11-13)[1]Direkam2014GenreK-pop, Pop elektro, Pop dansaDurasi19:42LabelFNC EntertainmentProduserBrave BrothersKronologi AOA Short Hair (2014)Short Hair2014 Like a Cat(2014) Heart Attack (2015)Heart Attack2015 Singel dalam album Like a Cat Like a CatDirilis: 11 November 2014[1] Video musikLike a Cat di YouTube Like a Cat (Versi Jepang)Lagu oleh AOAdari album Ace of AngelsSisi-ALike a CatDirilis25 Februari 2015&...

User talk:AnAlbinoRhino

User_talk:AnAlbinoRhino

Welcome! Hello, AnAlbinoRhino! Welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions to this free encyclopedia. If you decide that you need help, check out Getting Help below, ask me on my talk page, or place {{helpme}} on your talk page and ask your question there. Please remember to sign your name on talk pages by clicking or using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your username and the date. Finally, please do your best to always fill in the edit summary field. Below ar...

Semenanjung Bōsō

Semenanjung_Bōsō

Citra Landsat Semenanjung Bōsō. Semenanjung Bōsō (房総半島code: ja is deprecated , Bōsō-hantō) adalah semenanjung yang meliputi keseluruhan Prefektur Chiba di Honshu, pulau terbesar di Jepang. Semenanjung ini membentuk tepi timur Teluk Tokyo, memisahkannya dari perairan utama Samudra Pasifik. Semenanjung ini mencakup seluas 5.034 km².[1][2] Geografi Lokasi Semenanjung Bōsō di Jepang. Semenanjung Bōsō berbatasan secara geografis oleh Samudra Pasifik di sebelah t...

Rappen

Koin 5 rappen Swiss. Rappen (jamak: Rappen) aslinya adalah sebuah ragam dari Pfennig (peni) Abad Pertengahan yang umum di kawasan-kawasan Jerman Alemannik yakni Alsace, Sundgau dan utara Swiss. Seperti peni Jerman lainnya, setengah kepingnya adalah Haller, keping terkecil yang dikeluarkan. Bacaan tambahan Hans Schweizer: Der Rappenmünzbund. Hilterfingen: Helvetische Münzenzeitung, 1969. Julius Cahn: Der Rappenmünzbund: eine Studie zur Münz- und Geldgeschichte des oberen Rheintales. Heidel...

العلاقات البرازيلية الأمريكية

العلاقات_البرازيلية_الأمريكية

العلاقات البرازيلية الأمريكية البرازيل الولايات المتحدة تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات البرازيلية الأمريكية هي العلاقات التي تجمع بين البرازيل والولايات المتحدة. لهذه العلاقات تاريخ طويل. كانت الولايات المتحدة أول دولة تعترف باستقلال البرازيل، في حين كا�...

Rainforest Cafe

Rainforest_Cafe

Jungle-themed restaurant chain Rainforest CafeRestaurant logo (2000–present)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryRestaurantsFoundedFebruary 3, 1994; 30 years ago (1994-02-03), Bloomington, MinnesotaFounderSteven SchusslerHeadquartersHouston, Texas, United StatesNumber of locations23 restaurantsArea served Canada France Japan Malta United Arab Emirates United States Key peopleSteven Schussler, FounderTilman J. Fertitta Chairman, President, and Chief executive officerProductsPasta,...

2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak

2017–2018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak

Widespread outbreak of food poisoning 2017–2018 South Africa listeriosis outbreakThe outbreak was from processed meats produced by Enterprise Foods in Polokwane.LocationSouth AfricaDate2017 – March 2018Deaths216[1]Injured1,060 confirmed cases[1] The 2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak was a widespread outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes food poisoning that resulted from contaminated processed meats produced by Enterprise Foods, a subsidiary of Tiger Brands,[2...

Raja Casablanca

Raja_Casablanca

Raja Club AthleticNama lengkapRaja Club Athletic of CasablancaJulukanVox Populi, Elang Hijau, Monster Hijau, Raja Mondial, Green BoysBerdiri28 Maret 1949StadionStade Mohamed V, Casablanca(Kapasitas: 65,000)KetuaouzalLigaBotola2020–21ke-2 Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Kostum ketiga Musim ini Raja Casablanca (bahasa Arab: الرجاء الحليب البيضاوي الرياضي; ar-Raja' al-Baydawy ar-Riyady) adalah sebuah tim sepak bola yang berbasis di Casablanca, Maroko. Tim ini didirikan...

Associazione Calcio Monopoli 1989-1990

Associazione_Calcio_Monopoli_1989-1990

Voce principale: Società Sportiva Monopoli 1966. Associazione Calcio MonopoliStagione 1989-1990 Sport calcio Squadra Monopoli Allenatore Nicola Chiricallo poi Giuseppe Papadopulo Presidente Pasquale Bellomo Serie C111º posto nel girone B. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Di Spirito (34) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Rizzo, Russo (7) 1988-1989 1990-1991 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa pagina raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Associazione Calcio Monopoli nelle competizion...

Universitas Portland

Universitas_Portland

Universitas PortlandMotobahasa Latin: Veritas vos LiberabitJenisPerguruan Tinggi SwastaDidirikan1901Afiliasi keagamaanKatolikJumlah mahasiswa4,205 [1]LokasiPortland, Oregon, Amerika SerikatKoordinat: 45°34′21″N 122°43′38″W / 45.57250°N 122.72722°W / 45.57250; -122.72722Situs webwww.up.edu Universitas Portland adalah adalah universitas swasta di Portland, Oregon. Portland adalah salah satu kota pusat kegiatan budaya dan di Amerika Serikat, dan me...

LVN Pictures

Former Philippine film studio LVN PicturesLogo of the film studio, originated from the 1941 film Ibong AdarnaCompany typePrivateFounded1938Defunct2005Fate Closed by the De Leon family Assets were later acquired by ABS-CBN Corporation SuccessorsStar Cinema (1993–present; film library)HeadquartersQuezon City, Metro ManilaKey peopleDoña Narcisa Buencamino De LeonServicesFilm studioPost-productionOwners De Leon family (1938–2005) Villonco family (1938–1960s) Navoa family (1938–1960s) ABS...

Bialystok University of Technology

Bialystok_University_of_Technology

Bialystok University of TechnologyPolitechnika BiałostockaBialystok University Of Technology emblemTypePublicEstablishedDecember 1, 1949 (1949-12-01)RectorProf. Marta Kosior-Kazberuk, PhD, Eng.Students7,104 (16.11.2021) [1]LocationBiałystok, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland53°07′00″N 23°08′46″E / 53.11667°N 23.14611°E / 53.11667; 23.14611AffiliationsMagna Charta Universitarium 2020, IROs Forum, EUA, KRASP, KRPUTWebsitehttp://pb.edu.pl/...

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory_acidosis

Medical condition Medical conditionRespiratory acidosisDavenport diagramSpecialtyIntensive care medicine, pulmonology, internal medicine Respiratory acidosis is a state in which decreased ventilation (hypoventilation) increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and decreases the blood's pH (a condition generally called acidosis). Carbon dioxide is produced continuously as the body's cells respire, and this CO2 will accumulate rapidly if the lungs do not adequately expel i...

Le Tasse

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Tasse (homonymie) et Tasso (homonymie). Torquato Tasso Portrait du Tasse, daté de 1577 (Fürstlich Thurn- und Taxissches Schlossmuseum, Ratisbonne, Allemagne). Données clés Nom de naissance Torquato Tasso Alias Le Tasse Naissance 11 mars 1544 Sorrente Décès 25 avril 1595 (à 51 ans) Rome Activité principale courtisan Distinctions poète lauréat Auteur Langue d’écriture italien Mouvement Humanisme Genres épopée, églogue, élégie Œuvres pri...

James G. Birney

James_G._Birney

American politician (1792–1857) James G. Birney13th[1] Mayor of HuntsvilleIn office1829–1830Preceded byJohn H. LewisSucceeded byJohn Martin Personal detailsBornJames Gillespie Birney(1792-02-04)February 4, 1792Danville, Virginia (now Kentucky), U.S.DiedNovember 18, 1857(1857-11-18) (aged 65)Perth Amboy, New Jersey, U.S.Political partyDemocratic-Republican (before 1825)Liberty (1840–1848)Spouse(s)Agatha McDowell Elizabeth Potts FitzhughChildrenFive includingWilliamDavidJ...

Sacrament

Christian rite recognized as of particular importance and significance This article is about the religious term. For other uses, see Sacrament (disambiguation). The Seven Sacraments, an altarpiece by Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1448 A series of articles onGrace in Christianity Common grace Free grace Irresistible grace Prevenient grace Sola gratia Sacraments vte Part of a series onChristianity JesusChrist Nativity Baptism Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension BibleFoundations Old Te...

San Vittore Olona

San_Vittore_Olona

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento centri abitati della Lombardia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. San Vittore Olonacomune San Vittore Olona – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Lombardia Città metropolitana Milano AmministrazioneSindacoMarco Zerboni (Centrodest...

Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics

Diving_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics

Divingat the Games of the XXIV OlympiadVenueJamsil Indoor Swimming PoolDates17 September 1988 (1988-09-17) through 29 September 1988 (1988-09-29)No. of events4Competitors89 from 30 nations← 19841992 → Diving at the1988 Summer Olympics3 m springboardmenwomen10 m platformmenwomenvte At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, four diving events were contested during a competition that took place at the Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool, from 17...

Jenna Ushkowitz

Jenna_Ushkowitz

Jenna Ushkowitz Información personalNombre de nacimiento Min Ji (민지)Nacimiento 28 de abril de 1986 (38 años) Seúl, Corea del SurNacionalidad Estadounidense y surcoreanaLengua materna Inglés Características físicasAltura 1,63 m (5′ 4″)[1]FamiliaCónyuge David J. Stanley (matr. 2021)Pareja Michael Trevino (2011-2014)Hijos 1EducaciónEducada en Universidad Marymount ManhattanHoly Trinity Diocesan High School Información profesionalOcupación Actriz y cantanteA...