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The natural history of the island of Rhodes is determined by its geographic position, climate and geological diversity. Rhodes is in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin close to the coast of Turkey, and the flora and fauna are a mixture of Mediterranean and Asian elements. Rhodes is in the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests ecoregion.

The habitats are: arable land; perennial crops, orchards and groves, ruderal land; coastline and coastal rocky areas, inland cliffs, sea cliffs and rocky shores: forest, native coniferous woodland; grassland steppes and dry calcareous grassland; shrub land, sclerophyllous scrub, garrigue and maquis shrubland; wetland, rivers and streams.

The flowering plant species of Rhodes number 1,243.

Phrygana or garrigue is open dwarf scrub dominated by low, often cushion-shaped, spiny shrubs. The phryganic species are high-temperature and drought tolerant, and they grow at low altitudes, usually on poor and rocky limestone and siliceous substrates.

The most common phryganic species on Rhodes are:

Other species include

Many bulbous plants on Rhodes flower in the month of October. Species include:

Notable are:

Rhodes has a high diversity of orchid species, especially in the genus Ophrys:

Among the Mediterranean endemic species prominent in the Rhodes vegetation are:

Nearly endemic to the Mediterranean genera found on Rhodes are:

More widespread in South-east Europe and Asia Minor plants include

Widely introduced plants include:

257 bird species are recorded from Rhodes, many are passage migrants. 80 are breeding species.

Breeding species include:

Passage migrants include:

Vagrant birds (many from nearby Turkey) include Circus macrourus, Charadrius leschenaultii, Apus affinis, Luscinia luscinia, Merops persicus, Ficedula semitorquata, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sturnus roseus, Hoplopterus spinosus, Emberiza rustica, Chettusia gregaria, Bubulcus ibis, Anthropoides virgo, Passer moabiticus and very many others.

winter visitors on Rhodes include: Melanocorypha calandra and Acrocephalus melanopogon.

There are 33 species: Cervidae Dama dama; Canidae Vulpes vulpes; Erinaceidae Erinaceus concolor, Erinaceus roumanicus; Leporidae Lepus europaeus, Oryctolagus cuniculus; Molossidae Tadarida teniotis; Muridae Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus mystacinus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Mus domesticus, Rattus rattus; Mustelidae Martes foina, Meles meles; Phocidae Monachus monachus; Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus blasii, Rhinolophus euryale, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus hipposideros; Soricidae Crocidura suaveolens, Suncus etruscus; Vespertilionidae Eptesicus bottae, Hypsugo savii, Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis blythii, Myotis emarginatus, Myotis myotis, Pipistrellus kuhlii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Plecotus austriacus.

Fossils found on the island indicate that the species was inhabited by a dwarf elephant species of the genus Palaeoloxodon during the Late Pleistocene.^[1]

Rhodes has 3 species: Bufo viridis, Hyla orientalis and Rana cerigensis.

There are 24 reptile species certainly found on Rhodes. These are: Amphisbaenidae, Blanus strauchi; Cheloniidae, Caretta caretta; Dermochelyidae, Dermochelys coriacea; Geoemydidae Mauremys rivulata; Colubridae, Platyceps najadum, Coluber caspius, Coluber gemonensis, Coluber nummifer, Elaphe situla, Natrix natrix, Natrix tessellata, Telescopus fallax; Psammophiidae, Malpolon insignitus; Lacertidae, Podarcis erhardii,Anatololacerta oertzeni, Ophisops elegans, Lacerta trilineata; Scincidae, Ablepharus kitaibelii, Chalcides ocellatus, Heremites auratus; Typhlopidae, Typhlops vermicularis; Agamidae, Laudakia stellio; Gekkonidae, Hemidactylus turcicus and Mediodactylus oertzeni.

Species uncertainly recorded include a further 6: Eryx jaculus, Eirenis modestus, Vipera xanthina, Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Testudo graeca and Testudo hermanni.

See List of fish of the Mediterranean Sea. Squalius ghigii is endemic to Rhodes.

2,652 insect species/subspecies are recorded from Rhodes. Commonly seen insects in Rhodes are the sail swallowtail, the scarlet dragonfly, Cleopatra butterfly, European praying mantis, cicada, glow-worm, hummingbird hawk-moth, firebug, field cricket, European tree cricket, European hornet, cuckoo wasp, carpenter bee and the rose chafer.

178 land and freshwater mollusca species/subspecies are recorded from Rhodes.

The freshwater crab Potamon rhodium is found on Rhodes. It is common at Petaloudes.

Characteristic habitat types of the Rhodes Mediterranean/Aegean coastal zone, are the Cystoseira biocenosis and the Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds, Lithophyllum lichenoides communities form coralligenous reefs which are a spectacular sight; the coralline alga is covered with large gorgonian fans, coral, and a diverse array of often colourful invertebrate organisms and hundreds of species of fish.

These communities host sponges (Porifera), sea anemones, jellyfish (Cnidaria), sea mats and hornwrack (Bryozoa), segmented worms (Annelida) snails, bivalves, squids and octopuses (Mollusca), starfishes and sea urchins (Echinodermata), crabs, lobsters and shrimps (Arthropoda) and little known groups such as Echiura, Priapulida, Sipuncula, Brachiopoda, Pogonophora, Phoronida and Hemichordata.

Amongst the thousand or so species of invertebrates found in the Rhodes Mediterranean/Aegean coastal zone marine environment are mantis shrimps, Mediterranean slipper lobsters, octopus, cuttlefish, scribbled nudibranch, Hypselodoris picta, tasselled nudibranch, precious coral, zigzag coral, purple sail, Mediterranean jellyfish, spiny spider crab, circular crab, broad-clawed porcelain crab, noble pen shell, pilgrim's scallop, ragged sea hare, violet sea hare, Portuguese man o' war, black sea urchin, purple sea-urchin, long-spine slate pen sea urchin, Mediterranean starfish, sea mouse, Barbatia barbata and Parazoanthus axinellae.

There is a marine natural history display at the Aquarium of Rhodes together with a display of living Mediterranean fish and other marine creatures. A second natural history display at Petaloudes is devoted to the mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, plants and geology of Rhodes. A more specialised museum devoted to bee keeping is close to Rhodes city).

• 
  Rhodes Aquarium
• 
  Museum of Rhodes Aquarium, smooth hammerhead shark
• 
  Nature Museum Petaloudes. A display case.
• 
  A display case.
• 
  Bee Museum of Rhodes.
• 
  Bee Museum. A small section of the extensive displays.

.

Greece is a signatory to the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and the Habitats Directive both affording protection to the fauna and flora of Rhodes.

Flora

• Flora Europaea
• Vangelis Papiomytoglou, 2006 Wild Flowers of Greece Mediterraneo Editions ISBN 960-8227-74-7
• Panitsa, Maria, Britt Snogerup, Sven Snogerup & Dimitrios Tzanoudakis, 2003. Floristic investigation of Lemnos island (NE Aegean area, Greece). - Willdenowia 33: 79 - 105. [1]

Orchids

• Kretzschmar, H. and G., 2004 Orchids - Crete and Dodecanese Mediterraneo Editions, Greece ISBN 9608227429
• Kreutz, C. A. J., 2002 Die Orchideen von Rhodos und Karpathos : Beschreibung, Lebensweise, Verbreitung, Gefährdung, Schutz und Ikonographie ( the orchids of Rhodes and Karpathos : description, pattern of life, distribution, threat, conservation and iconography) Seckel & Kreutz Publishers. ISBN 90-805149-2-6
• Zissis Antonopoulos, 2009 The Bee Orchids of Greece - The genus Ophrys Mediterraneo Editions ISBN 978-960-6848-23-0
• Orchids of Europe includes spring expedition report Frühling auf Rhodos 20. - 30. März 2008 pdf in German

Birds

• The Birds of the Western Palearctic and Avibase see External links
• The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds

Reptiles

• Bader T, Riegler C, Grillitsch H (2009) The herpetofauna of the Island of Rhodes (Dodecanese, Greece).Herpetozoa, Wien; 21 (3/4): 147–169

Butterflies

• Bender, R., 1963 Beitrage zur Lepidopterenfauna der Insel Rhodos Zeitschr. wiener e.nt. Ges., vo1. 48: pp. 11–20, 2 pls. 1963. Review of previous studies& annotated list of 150 macros from Rhodes. Figures races of Gonepteryx cleopatra (in colour), Maniola telmessia ornata, & Glaucopsyche alexis insulicola. In German.
• Kudrna, O. 2002. The Distribution Atlas of European Butterflies. Oedippus, Nr. 20.
• Kudrna, O., Harpke, A., Lux, K., Pennerstorfer, J., Schweiger, O., Settele, J. & Wiemers, M., 2011. Distribution Atlas of Butterflies in Europe. GfS, Halle, Germany. 576 pp.
• Van Swaay, C., Cuttelod., A., Collins, S., Maes, D., López Munguira, M., Šašiæ, M., Settele, J., Verovnik, R., Verstrael, T., Warren, M., Wiemers, M. and Wynhoff, I., 2010. European Red List of Butterflies.

Mollusca

• Frank C., 1997. Die Molluskenfauna der Insel Rhodos, 2. Teil. Stapfia, 48: 1–179.
• Maassen, W.J.M., 1981. De Molluskenfauna van het griekseeiland Rhodos. De Kreukel, 17: 21–32.
• Paget O.E., 1976. Die Molluskenfauna der Insel Rhodos. 1.Teil. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 80:681–780.
• Barna Páll-Gergely and Zoltán Csabai, 2008. Notes on the continental malacofauna of Rhodes, with two new species for the fauna of the island Malacologia Bohemoslovaca 7: 76–78 [2]
• Fauna Europaea

Insects

• Fauna Europaea

Marine life

• Noelle and Dinos Simeonidis, 2010 Life in the Greek seas and the Mediterranean Mediterraneo Editions ISBN 978-960-6848-25-4
• Repetto, G.; Orlando, F. & Arduino, G. 2005. Conchiglie del Mediterraneo. 1770 Specie Illustrate con Distribuzione e Frequenza. Amici del Museo Federico Eusebio, Alba. 392 pp.

• WWF Southeastern Europe
• Hellenic Zoological Society
• Fauna of Dodecanese lists via search on Fauna Europaea

Birds

• Avibase
• EBBC Atlas
• Birdwatching report May, 2005

Flora

• Michael HasslerUniversity of Karlsruhe
• EU-Nomen Pan-European Species Directories Infrastructure To access the East Aegean list go to advanced search > occurrence then select East Aegean from the menu
• Mediterranean plants identification University of Reading
• Orchids of Rhodes
• East Mediterranean Ecosystems

Natura Mediterraneo

• naturamediterraneo Forum. Many images In Italian