National Armed Forces

National Armed Forces
Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (NSZ)
Active20 September 1942 - 1947
CountryGerman-occupied Poland
AllegiancePolish Underground State
TypeParamilitary
RoleClosely linked to the National Democracy
Sizec. 80,000 (1942)
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Ignacy Oziewicz
Tadeusz Kurcyusz
Zygmunt Broniewski
Part of a series on the
Polish
Underground State
Parasol Regiment, Warsaw, 1944
History of Poland 1939–1945
Authorities
Political organizations
Major parties
Minor parties
Opposition
Military organizations
Home Army (AK)
Mostly integrated
with Armed Resistance and Home Army
Partially integrated
with Armed Resistance and Home Army
Non-integrated but recognizing
authority of Armed Resistance and Home Army
Opposition
Related topics

National Armed Forces (NSZ; Polish: Narodowe Siły Zbrojne) was a Polish right-wing underground military organization of the National Democracy operating from 1942. During World War II, NSZ troops fought against Nazi Germany and communist partisans. There were also cases of fights with the Home Army.[1]

At the end of the war, some units and structures of this organization cooperated with the Nazis and Gestapo (as in the case of the Holy Cross Mountains Brigade and Hubert Jura)[2][3][1][4] and committed crimes motivated by antisemitism.[5][6]

Most NSZ units did not submit to the Polish government-in-exile and conducted fratricidal fights with other Polish partisan units.[7] From 1944 to 1946, the NSZ fought as part of the anti-communist resistance, including after the postwar Polish People's Republic was established.

History

Territorial structure and organization of the NSZ

The NSZ was created on September 20, 1942, as a result of the merger of the Military Organization Lizard Union (Organizacja Wojskowa Związek Jaszczurczy) and part of the National Military Organization (Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa). At its maximum strength in 1943–44, the NSZ reached between 70,000 and 75,000 members, making it the third-largest organization of the Polish resistance (after the Home Army (AK) and the Bataliony Chlopskie).[8] NSZ units participated in the Warsaw Uprising.

In March 1944 the NSZ split, with the more moderate faction coming under the command of the AK. The other part became known as the NSZ-ZJ (the Lizard Union). This branch of the NSZ conducted operations against Polish communist activists, partisans and secret police, the Soviet partisans, NKVD and SMERSH, and their own (NSZ) former leaders.[9]

Political stance

Colonel Ignacy Oziewicz, the first commander of the National Armed Forces

The NSZ's program included the fight for Polish independence against Nazi Germany as well as against the Soviet Union. Its goal was to keep the Second Polish Republic's prewar eastern territories and borders, while regaining additional former German territories to the west, which they deemed "ancient Slavic lands". The General Directive Nr. 3 of the National Armed Forces General Command, L. 18/44 from January 15, 1944, reads:

"In the face of crossing of Polish borders by Soviet forces, the Polish Government in London and its Polish citizens living on the territory of Poland express their unwavering desire for the return of the sovereignty to the entire area of Poland within the Polish borders established prior to 1939 through the mutually-binding Treaty of Riga and reaffirmed by the general principles of the Atlantic Charter, as well as by the declarations of the Allied governments which did not concede to any territorial changes that took place in Poland after August 1939."

During the war, the NSZ fought the Polish communists, including their military organizations such as the Gwardia Ludowa (GL) and the Armia Ludowa (AL).[10] After the war, former NSZ members were persecuted by the newly installed communist government of the Polish People's Republic. Reportedly, communist partisans engaged in planting false evidence, such as documents and forged receipts at the sites of their own robberies, in order to blame the NSZ.[11] It was a method of political warfare practiced against the NSZ also by the Ministry of Public Security of Poland and Milicja Obywatelska (MO) right after the war, as revealed by communist Poland's court documents.[11]

National Armed Forces and Jews

The National Armed Forces (though not uniformly[10]) did not accept Jews in their ranks, and expressed explicit anti-semitic sentiment.[12]

The solution of the Jewish question is almost as important for the future of our nation as the regaining of independence. The loss of independence and the continuation of Jewish presence in Poland are both an equal danger of slow death for the Poles.

— National Armed Forces newspaper Szaniec, cited in Gazeta Wyborcza, 24–5 September 1993[12]

We may condemn the Germans for their bestial methods but we must not forget that Jewry was always and will remain a destructive element in our state organism. The liquidation of the Jews in the Polish territories is of great importance for future development because it frees us from a million-headed parasite.

— National Armed Forces newspaper Barykada, no. 3, March 1943[13]

From November 1944 to mid-1947, during the period of armed anti-communist insurgency against the Soviet takeover of Poland, many Jews who were part of communist groups were killed by the National Armed Forces.[14] In Warsaw, the National Armed Forces killed Jerzy Makowiecki and Ludwik Widerszal, two Polish Home Army officers of Jewish origin.[12][15] Polish historian Alina Cała said that the doctrine of the National Armed Forces was primarily the elimination of what they considered to be Communist bands.[16][17] According to sociologist Tadeusz Piotrowski, these attacks later "became more focused on individual Jews who were placed in highly visible positions of authority in the PRL [People's Republic of Poland]".[18]

In some districts, the National Armed Forces actively pursued Jews. Some units of the National Armed Forces were on the lookout for Jews hiding in the forests to deliver to the Germans.[12] In Radom, the National Armed Forces cooperated with the Germans towards that goal in 1943–1944.[12] According to the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Polish Jews who had sought shelter among ethnic Poles after escaping from ghettos were directly murdered by the National Armed Forces.[19]

According to other sources, many National Armed Forces soldiers and their families are credited with having saved Jews, including such noted ones as Maria Bernstein, Leon Goldman, Jonte Goldman, and Dr. Turski. The National Armed Forces did have Jews in its ranks, including Calel Perechodnik, Wiktor Natanson, Captain Roman Born-Bornstein (chief physician of the Chrobry II unit), Jerzy Zmidygier-Konopka, Feliks Pisarewski-Parry, Eljahu (Aleksander) Szandcer (nom de guerre Dzik), Dr. Kaminski, a physician who served in an NSZ unit led by Captain Władysław Kolaciński (nom de guerre Zbik), Major Stanisław Ostwind-Zuzga, and others.[20][21]

In January 1945, the National Armed Forces Holy Cross Mountains Brigade (Brygada Świętokrzyska) retreated before the advancing Red Army and, after negotiating a ceasefire with the Germans, moved into the Nazi-controlled Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. It resumed operations against the Nazis on 5 May 1945 in Bohemia, where the brigade liberated prisoners from a concentration camp in Holýšov, including 280 Jewish women prisoners slated for death.[22]

Postwar

Members of the NSZ, like other "cursed soldiers", and their families were persecuted during the postwar Stalinist period. In the fall of 1946, 100-200 soldiers of an NSZ unit under the command of Henryk Flame, nom de guerre "Bartek," were lured into a trap and massacred by communist military and police forces.[23] On December 10, 1946,[24] the District Military Court in Warsaw issued a verdict in the trial of the NSZ command. It was one of many trials organized in the pre-election period to intimidate society. Among those sentenced to death were NSZ officers Col. Piotr Abakanowicz and Michał Pobocha, as well as Stefania Broniewska, the wife of the NSZ commander-in-chief Zygmunt Broniewski, who was in exile. On March 2, 1948, the verdict was announced in the trial of the NSZ Headquarters, accused by the communists of fascism. The District Military Court in Warsaw sentenced to death Col. Stanisław Ksznica and Lech Neyman.

Some of the NSZ were responsible for the 1946 pacification of villages in northeast Poland, in which ethnic Belarusian Polish citizens were attacked; 79 were killed. The National Armed Forces were officially dissolved in 1947.

In 1992, acknowledging its contribution to the fight for Poland's sovereignty, Polish authorities recognized National Armed Forces underground soldiers as war veterans. NSZ soldiers were rehabilitated, including some controversial ones, for instance, Mieczysław Pazderski, who in 1945 murdered almost 200 Ukrainian villagers in Wierzchowina, and who was awarded two medals by Polish president Lech Wałęsa.[25] The Polish Parliament Sejm passed a bill in 2012 commemorating the 70th anniversary of the creation of Narodowe Siły Zbrojne in 1942. Members of the Sejm who supported the resolution pointed out that NSZ members became the most obstinate target of repressions and hate propaganda by security apparatus under Stalinism.[26]

In the 1990s the topic of "cursed soldiers", or anti-communist partisans, was not discussed much in Poland. By the 2000s however, the cult of "cursed soldiers" gained prominence.[25] In 2012, the Polish Parliament (Sejm) passed a bill commemorating the 70th anniversary of the creation of Narodowe Siły Zbrojne in 1942.[27][28]

The role of NSZ and its relations with the Jews remains a controversial topic in modern Poland. The 2012 Sejm declaration has been criticized by former Polish Prime Minister Leszek Miller.[28] Several members of parliament criticized the bill and walked out of a related commemorative ceremony.[29][30]

Commandants of National Armed Forces

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Jak walczyło NSZ: próby współpracy z Niemcami, rabunki, ataki na AK. Publikujemy dokumenty". oko.press. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  2. ^ "Brygada świętokrzyska. Hitlerowscy kolaboranci na sztandarach prawicy". Przegląd (in Polish). 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  3. ^ "Prof. Friszke: Gdy więźniowie Dachau czekali na egzekucję, Brygada Świętokrzyska piła szampana z Gestapo". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  4. ^ "Walczyli o Polskę bez komunizmu i... zawarli układ z Niemcami. Dla Brygady Świętokrzyskiej to było "mniejsze zło"". naTemat.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  5. ^ "Mogą żyć, byle nie u nas... Propaganda NSZ wobec Żydów". Więź (in Polish). 20 September 2017. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  6. ^ "Lekcja historii dla premiera Morawieckiego, czyli jak Brygada Świętokrzyska NSZ trzech Żydów spotkała". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  7. ^ "Sejm uczcił Narodowe Siły Zbrojne. W uchwale znalazła się Brygada Świętokrzyska, która kolaborowała z III Rzeszą". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  8. ^ Hanna Konopka; Adrian Konopka (1 January 1999). Leksykon historii Polski po II wojnie światowej 1944-1997 (in Polish). Graf-Punkt. p. 130. ISBN 978-83-87988-08-1.
  9. ^ David Cesarani, Sarah Kavanaugh. Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies Routledge, 2004, page 119.
  10. ^ a b Piotrowski, Tadeusz (20 August 1998). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. McFarland. ISBN 9780786403714. Retrieved 20 August 2019 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ a b Gontarczyk, Piotr, PPR - Droga do władzy 1941-1944" pg. 347
  12. ^ a b c d e Cooper, Leo (2000). In the Shadow of the Polish Eagle: The Poles, the Holocaust, and Beyond. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York, N.Y.: Palgrave. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-333-99262-3.
  13. ^ Friedrich, Klaus-Peter (2005). "Collaboration in a "Land without a Quisling": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II". Slavic Review. 64 (4): 711–746. doi:10.2307/3649910. eISSN 2325-7784. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 3649910.
  14. ^ Halik Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed, p. 550.
  15. ^ Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2007). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. Jefferson (Carolina del Norte, Estados Unidos): McFarland & Company. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-7864-2913-4.
  16. ^ Bartosz Machalica (28 February 2016). "Alina Cała stwiedza: NSZ zabiły więcej Żydów niż Niemców". Interview for Trybuna.eu. Trybuna Online. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  17. ^ Piotr Zychowicz (May 2009). "Cała: "Polacy jako naród nie zdali egzaminu"". Rzeczpospolita (2009–05–25). ISSN 0208-9130. Archived from the original on 2012-03-24 – via Internet Archive.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  18. ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust. ISBN 0786429135.
  19. ^ Israel Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1032.
  20. ^ Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (20 August 2004). Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939-1947. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739104842. Retrieved 20 August 2019 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ Muszyński, Wojciech (2012). Nacjonalizmy różnych narodów - book chapter by Wojciech Muszyński [Nationalisms of different nations] (PDF) (in Polish). Księgarnia Akademicka. p. 140. ISBN 978-83-7638-132-9. The highest-ranking Jew in the structures of NSZ was Feliks Pisarewski "Parry" ... Another relatively high-ranking officer of Jewish origin in the NSZ hierarchy was Stanisław Ostwind vel Zuzga ps. "Kropidło" ... Aleksandr (Eliasz) Szandcer ... sh Jankiel Kleinman "Jasio", cadet. Władysław Hajutin "Władek", kp. Cadet. NN "Zawisza" - son of a doctor from Lviv, the senior shooter "Wujek" - entrepreneur from Chełm region, shot NN "Zawadzki" and a few girls serving as nurses .. brigadier doctors were (Jewish) dr Juliusz Kamiński..In the Brigade served still at least a few Jewish soldiers and paramedics, including NN "Negri" (Widloch 1992: 44), shoot NN "Antoni" and shoot NN "Fryc" ... Jews in the NSZ branches often held responsible functions. Capt. Born- Bornstein..In the same group, there were also: two officers of the Jewish Military Union: Marian Rosenstof and Henryk Gumiński, who joined the assault team of one of the companies commanded by NSZ-ONR staff, and Calel Perechodnik and NN "Ryksiarz". In addition, at "Chrobry II", a large group of Jews used food in the field kitchen, which during the uprising did not have to hide anymore. In turn in the "Gozdawa" group, in the team commanded by Sgt. officer cadet. NSZ Tadeusz Niezabitowski "Lubicz", Jerzy Żmidrygier-Konopka "Poręba" - son of professor Zdzisław Żmidrygier-Konopka from the University of Warsaw fought. "Poreba" took part in many actions, and for a special courage, he was presented by the commander to be decorated with the Virtuti Militari cross and the Cross of Valor. He fell on August 25 in the ruins of the Bank of Poland. (Bojemski 2009: 251-253) Zofia Lipmann participated in the propaganda activities of NSZ during the uprising, and she was listening to foreign radio stations for the "Szaniec" editorial office. The same function in the editorial office of the insurgent NSZ "Żołnierz Starego Miasta" was held by Karolina Stefania Marek "Stefa", and the orderly in this editorial office was also a Jew named NN "Adam".
  22. ^ Antonin Bohun Dabrowski in Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust, edited by Richard Lukas, pg 22. [1]
  23. ^ Rzeczpospolita, 02.10.04 Nr 232, Wielkie polowanie: Prześladowania akowców w Polsce Ludowej Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine (Great hunt: the persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland), last accessed on 7 June 2006
  24. ^ "Glos Garbowa nr 127-128" (PDF) (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  25. ^ a b [2] The Jews and the "Disavowed Soldiers", AUGUST GRABSKI (translated from Polish by Gunnar Paulsson), in Antony Polonsky, Hanna Węgrzynek, and Andrzej Żbikowski, New Directions in the History of the Jews in the Polish Lands, Academic Studies Press.
  26. ^ Piotr Babinetz, Member of Parliament, Sprawozdanie Komisji Kultury i Środków Przekazu o poselskim projekcie uchwały w związku z 70. rocznicą powstania Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych (Report of the Commission of Culture and Media on the new bill proposal) Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Kadencja VII, Sprawozdanie Stenograficzne z 25. posiedzenia Sejmu, pp. 123–125. PDF file, direct download 1.07 MB.
  27. ^ The Sejm (9 November 2012), Uchwała Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w związku z 70. rocznicą powstania Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych (An Act of Parliament on the 70th Anniversary of the Creation of National Armed Forces) by Marshal of the Sejm Ewa Kopacz. PDF file, direct download 20.0 KB. (in Polish)
  28. ^ a b "Miller o NSZ: sojusznicy Hitlera. Poseł PiS: tylko ktoś chory z nienawiści może pisać takie głupoty". Wprost (in Polish). 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  29. ^ "Sejm czci wyklętych. Część posłów wychodzi". TVN24.pl. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  30. ^ "Posłowie uczcili pamięć członków NSZ". PolskieRadio24.pl. Retrieved 2020-01-07.

Further reading

  • Siemaszko, Zbigniew S. (1985). Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (2nd ed.). Warszawa: Głos. OCLC 69304656.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Narodowe Siły Zbrojne.

Read other articles:

DR (stasiun radio)

DRJenisPenyiaran publikNegaraDenmarkJangkauanNasionalPemilikKerajaan DenmarkTokoh pentingMaria Rørbye Rønn, Director GeneralGitte Rabøl, Media DirectorMartin Præstegaard, D.o. EconomyTanggal luncur1925Nama sebelumnyaRadioordningen (1925-1926)Statsradiofonien (1926-1959)Danmarks Radio (1959-1996)Situs resmiwww.dr.dk DR-Byen, DR's new headquarters in Copenhagen DR (sebelumnya bernama Danmarks Radio hingga 1996, Inggris: Danish Broadcasting Corporation[1]) adalah jaringan radio dan t...

 

 

Betty Arlen

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Agustus 2020. Betty ArlenLahir(1909-11-04)4 November 1909Kentucky, A.S.Meninggal4 Agustus 1966(1966-08-04) (umur 56)Los Angeles, California, A.S.PekerjaanAktris Betty Arlen (4 November 1909 – 4 Agustus 1966) adalah aktris Amerika Serikat yang te...

 

 

المعجم الكبير (الطبراني)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع المعجم الكبير (توضيح). المعجم الكبيرمعلومات عامةالمؤلف الطبراني اللغة العربية الموضوع حديث نبوي تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات المعجم الكبير للطبراني هو كتاب من كتب الحديث المسندة عند أهل السنة والجماعة. جمعه الإمام أبو القاسم سليمان بن أح�...

Ray Tomlinson

Ray TomlinsonTomlinson pada tahun 2004LahirRaymond Samuel Tomlinson(1941-04-23)23 April 1941Amsterdam, New York, Amerika SerikatMeninggal5 Maret 2016(2016-03-05) (umur 74)Lincoln, Massachusetts, Amerika SerikatKebangsaanAmerika SerikatAlmamaterRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyPekerjaanPemrogram, penemuDikenal atasPenemu sistem surat elektronik Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (23 April 1941 – 5 Maret 2016) adalah seorang ilmuwan komputer asal ...

 

 

Advanced capitalism

Description of potential causes and effects of long lasting, deeply integrated capitalism Not to be confused with late capitalism. Part of a series on theFrankfurt School Major works Dialectic of Enlightenment Eclipse of Reason Eros and Civilization Escape from Freedom Minima Moralia Negative Dialectics One-Dimensional Man Reason and Revolution The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere The Theory of Communicative Action The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Notable th...

 

 

Ashoke Sen

Indian physicist (born 1956) For the Indian politician, see Ashoke Kumar Sen. Ashoke SenSen in the Physics department of Scottish Church College in 2019Born (1956-07-15) 15 July 1956 (age 67)Kolkata, West Bengal, IndiaAlma materPresidency College, Kolkata (BSc)IIT Kanpur (MSc)Stony Brook University (PhD)Known forContributions to string field theoryS-dualitySen ConjectureSpouseSumathi RaoAwardsG.D. Birla Award for Scientific Research (1996)TWAS Prize (1997)Padma Shri (2001)Infos...

Keuskupan Denpasar

Keuskupan DenpasarDioecesis DenpasarensisKatolik Gereja Katedral DenpasarLambang Keuskupan DenpasarLokasiNegaraIndonesiaWilayahBaliNusa Tenggara BaratProvinsi gerejawiEndeDekanatBali TimurBali BaratNusa Tenggara BaratKantor pusatJl. Tukad Balian No. 100, Kel. Sidakarya, Kec. Denpasar Selatan, Kota Denpasar 80224Koordinat8°40′26″S 115°13′45″E / 8.674008°S 115.229198°E / -8.674008; 115.229198StatistikLuas25.953 km2 (10.021 sq mi)[1]...

 

 

Синелобый амазон

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

 

 

ロバート・デ・ニーロ

ロバート・デ・ニーロRobert De Niro 2011年のデ・ニーロ生年月日 (1943-08-17) 1943年8月17日（80歳）出生地 アメリカ合衆国・ニューヨーク州ニューヨーク市身長 177 cm職業 俳優、映画監督、映画プロデューサージャンル 映画、テレビドラマ活動期間 1963年 -配偶者 ダイアン・アボット（1976年 - 1988年）グレイス・ハイタワー（1997年 - ）主な作品 『ミーン・ストリート』（1973年）...

List of built-in macOS apps

Components of macOS Part of a series onmacOS Features History Transition to Intel processors Transition to Apple silicon Architecture Built-in apps List of applications List of games Versions Rhapsody (Developer Release) Hera (Server 1.0) Kodiak (Public Beta) Cheetah (10.0) Puma (10.1) Jaguar (10.2) Panther (10.3) Tiger (10.4) Leopard (10.5) Snow Leopard (10.6) Lion (10.7) Mountain Lion (10.8) Mavericks (10.9) Yosemite (10.10) El Capitan (10.11) Sierra (10.12) High Sierra (10.13) Mojave (10.1...

 

 

Forever Evil

2013–2014 crossover comic book storyline For the film, see Forever Evil (film). Forever EvilCover of Forever Evil #1 (September 2013) DC ComicsArt by David FinchPublisherDC ComicsPublication dateSeptember 2013 – May 2014Genre Crossover Title(s) Main: Forever Evil #1–7 Forever Evil: Rogues Rebellion #1–6 Forever Evil: Arkham War #1–6 Forever Evil: A.R.G.U.S. #1–6 Tie-ins: Justice League #24–29 Justice League of America #8–13 Suicide Squad #24–29 Main charac...

 

 

Belayet Hossain

Freedom fighters from bangladesh Belayet HossainBir Uttom Belayet HossainBornKasba, BrahmanbariaDiedNovember 14, 1971NationalityBangladeshiCitizenship Pakistan (before 1971) BangladeshKnown forBir Uttom Belayet Hossain (Bengali: বেলায়েত হোসেন, died November 14, 1971) was a heroic Freedom Fighter of the Bangladesh Liberation War. For his bravery in the war of independence, the government of Bangladesh awarded him the title of Bir Uttam. Birth and educa...

Arcade game

Coin-operated entertainment machine This article is about all types of amusement arcade games. For video games, see Arcade video game. Not to be confused with Casino game. An amusement arcade featuring several different types of arcade games, located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants, bars and amusement arcades. Most arcade games are presented as primarily games of ski...

 

 

Luna 2

1959 Soviet unmanned space mission to impact the surface of the Moon Luna 2Model of Luna 2NamesSecond Soviet Cosmic RocketLunik 2Mission typeLunar impactorOperatorSoviet space programHarvard designation1959 ξ 1[1]COSPAR ID1959-014A[2]SATCAT no.00114[3]Mission duration2 days, 14 hours, 22 minutes, 41 seconds[4][a] Spacecraft propertiesManufacturerOKB-1[1]Launch mass390.2 kg[5] Start of missionLaunch date12 September 195906:39:42 GMT...

 

 

1968 Belice earthquake

Earthquake in Sicily, Italy 1968 Belice earthquakeUTC time1968-01-15 02:01:06ISC event827285USGS-ANSSComCatLocal date14 January 1968 (1968-01-14)[1]Local time03:01Magnitude5.5 Mw[2]Epicenter37°46′01″N 12°58′59″E / 37.767°N 12.983°E / 37.767; 12.983[3]TypeThrustAreas affectedSicilyMax. intensityMMI X (Extreme)Casualties231–400 dead 632–1,000 injured The 1968 Belice earthquake sequence took place in Sicily ...

ファイル:函館土方歳三像.JPG

概要 自由利用できないファイルの情報true ファイルの概要 撮影者：上田隼人(投稿者)　撮影日：2005年5月11日 Wikipedia:屋外美術を被写体とする写真の利用方針に基づく情報 解像度の制限 - 310,000px未満 識別可能性 - 表示済み 出所表示 著作名 - 五稜郭に立つ土方歳三 著作者 - 小寺真知子（-2012年[1]） 創作年 - 2003年 展示場所 - 五稜郭タワー観光バス駐車場 記事内容の補完目...

 

 

العلاقات السيراليونية الكورية الجنوبية

العلاقات السيراليونية الكورية الجنوبية سيراليون كوريا الجنوبية   سيراليون   كوريا الجنوبية تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات السيراليونية الكورية الجنوبية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين سيراليون وكوريا الجنوبية.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين ال�...

 

 

Luca Cigarini

Luca CigariniCigarini in allenamento con l'Atalanta nel 2012Nazionalità Italia Altezza175 cm Peso72 kg Calcio RuoloCentrocampista Squadra Reggiana CarrieraGiovanili 1997-2004 Parma Squadre di club1 2004-2005→ Sambenedettese33 (4)2005-2008 Parma70 (4)2008-2009 Atalanta23 (3)2009-2010 Napoli28 (2)2010-2011→  Siviglia6 (0)2011-2016 Atalanta150 (7)2016-2017 Sampdoria4 (0)2017-2020 Cagliari73 (2)2020-2021 Crotone14 (0)2021- Regg...

Yoshisuke Aikawa

Yoshisuke AikawaYoshisuke Aikawa pada 1939Lahir(1880-11-06)6 November 1880Yamaguchi, JepangMeninggal13 Februari 1967(1967-02-13) (umur 86)Tokyo, JepangKebangsaanJepangNama lainGisuke AyukawaPekerjaanEntreprenir, IndustrialisDikenal atasPendiri Nissan dan Isuzu Ini adalah nama Jepang, nama keluarganya adalah Aikawa. Yoshisuke Aikawa (atau Gisuke Ayukawa) (鮎川 義介code: ja is deprecated , Aikawa Yoshisuke, 6 November 1880 – 13 Februari 1967) adalah seorang wirausahawan, pengus...

 

 

Thebaid

Administrative region in Aegyptus For other uses, see Thebaid (disambiguation). Provincia ThebaisΘηβαΐςἐπαρχία ΘηβαΐδοςProvince of the Byzantine Empire, Diocese of Egyptc. 293–641CapitalPtolemaisHistorical eraLate Antiquity• Division by emperor Diocletian c. 293• Persian occupation 612–628• Conquest by Arabs 641 Today part ofEgypt Map of the late Roman Diocese of Egypt, with Thebais in the south. The Thebaid or Thebais (Greek: Θηβαΐς, Thēb...