Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency

Nagapattinam
Lok Sabha constituency
Nagapattinam constituency, post-2008 delimitation
Constituency details
CountryIndia
RegionSouth India
StateTamil Nadu
Assembly constituencies
Established1957-Present
Total electors13,03,060
ReservationSC
Member of Parliament
18th Lok Sabha
Incumbent
PartyCommunist Party of India
Elected year2024

Nagapattinam is a Lok Sabha constituency in Tamil Nadu. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 29 of 39. The seat is reserved for scheduled castes. The constituency is noted for being an historically communist stronghold, having elected Communist Party of India parliamentary representative seven times.

Location

The constituency is at the tail end of the Cauvery delta.[1] The area is prone to both floods and droughts.[2] The Cauvery water crisis, affecting agriculture in the area, remains high on the agenda in Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency.[1] Apart from farming, there is an oil refinery and some minor industrial units.[3]

Demography and dynamics

Scheduled Castes constitute about 32.95% of the population in the Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency.

Gender demographic of Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency as of 20.01.2021,[4] taken during the elections in 2021.

Year Female Male Transgender Total
2021 6,58,437 6,82,815 53 13,41,305

Assembly segments

From 2009

The Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency is composed of six state assembly constituencies:

# Name District Member Reserved for (SC/ST/None) Party
163 Nagapattinam Nagapattinam Aloor Shanavas None VCK
164 Kilvelur Nagai Mali. P SC CPI(M)
165 Vedaranyam O. S. Manian None AIADMK
166 Thiruthuraipoondi Tiruvarur K. Marimuthu SC CPI
168 Tiruvarur K. Poondi Kalaivanan None DMK
169 Nannilam R. Kamaraj None AIADMK

Before 2009

The constituency was composed of:

  1. Nannilam (SC)
  2. Thiruvarur (SC)
  3. Nagapattinam
  4. Vedharanyam
  5. Thiruthuraipoondi (SC)
  6. Mannarkudi (moved to Thanjavur Constituency)

Members of Parliament

Year Winner Party
1957 M. Ayyakannu Indian National Congress
K.R. Sambandam
1962 Gopalsamy Thenkondar
1967 V. Sambasivan
1971 M. Kathamuthu Communist Party of India
1977 S. G. Murugaiyan
1979* K. Murugaiyan
1980 Karunanithi Thazhai Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1984 M. Mahalingam All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1989 M. Selvarasu Communist Party of India
1991 Padma Indian National Congress
1996 M. Selvarasu Communist Party of India
1998
1999 A.K.S. Vijayan Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2004
2009
2014 K. Gopal All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2019 M. Selvarasu[5] Communist Party of India
2024 Selvaraj V
  • Due to the death of S.G. Murugaiyan, a by-election was held.

Election results

Vote share of Winning candidates
2024
 
 47.79%
2019
 
 52.40%
2014
 
 46.86%
2009
 
 48.58%
2004
 
 61.67%
1999
 
 49.92%
1998
 
 58.77%
1996
 
 56.77%
1991
 
 49.71%
1989
 
 49.32%
1984
 
 49.91%
1980
 
 50.98%
By-1979
 
 51.12%
1977
 
 53.95%
1971
 
 54.95%
1967
 
 41.78%
1962
 
 45.98%
1957
 
 26.95%

General Elections 2024

2024 Indian general election: Nagappattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
CPI Selvaraj V 465,044 47.79 −4.61
AIADMK G. Surjeet Sankar 2,56,087 26.32 −4.90
NTK M. Karthika 1,31,294 13.49 +8.33
BJP S. G. M. Ramesh 1,02,173 10.50 New
NOTA None of the above 8,918 0.92 −0.03
Margin of victory 2,08,957 21.47 +0.29
Turnout 9,73,011 71.94 −4.99
CPI hold Swing

General Elections 2019

2019 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
CPI M. Selvarasu 522,892 52.40 +42.65
AIADMK M. Saravanan 3,11,539 31.22 −15.64
Independent T. Sengodi 70,307 7.05
NTK P. Malathi 51,448 5.16
MNM K. Guruviah 14,503 1.45
NOTA None of the above 9,463 0.95 −0.74
BSP V. Anitha 5,412 0.54
Margin of victory 2,11,353 21.18 9.73
Turnout 9,97,843 76.93 0.01
Registered electors 13,03,649 7.68
CPI gain from AIADMK Swing 5.54

General Elections 2014

2014 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
AIADMK Dr. K. Gopal 434,174 46.86%
DMK A. K. S. Vijayan 3,28,095 35.41% −13.17%
CPI G. Palanisamy 90,313 9.75% −32.54%
PMK Vadivel Ravanan 43,506 4.70%
INC Thalai T. A. P. Senthilpandian 23,967 2.59%
NOTA None of the above 15,662 1.69%
Margin of victory 1,06,079 11.45% 5.15%
Turnout 9,26,540 77.86% −0.97%
Registered electors 12,10,626 23.24%
AIADMK gain from DMK Swing -1.72%

General Elections 2009

2009 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
DMK A. K. S. Vijayan 369,915 48.58% −13.08%
CPI M. Selvarasu 3,21,953 42.28%
DMDK M. Muthukumar 51,376 6.75%
Independent P. Veerasamy 8,769 1.15%
BSP G. Veeramuthu 5,123 0.67% 0.11%
Margin of victory 47,962 6.30% −22.48%
Turnout 7,61,391 77.71% 5.87%
Registered electors 9,82,352 −6.35%
DMK hold Swing -13.08%

General Elections 2004

2004 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
DMK A. K. S. Vijayan 463,389 61.67% 11.74%
AIADMK P. J. Archunan 2,47,166 32.89%
JD(U) S. G. M. Ramesh 17,090 2.27%
Independent K. Murugesan 9,480 1.26%
BSP A. Balaguru 4,207 0.56%
Independent T. Kumar 3,811 0.51%
Margin of victory 2,16,223 28.77% 25.50%
Turnout 7,51,436 71.65% 5.61%
Registered electors 10,49,004 −0.54%
DMK hold Swing 11.74%

General Elections 1999

1999 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
DMK A. K. S. Vijayan 342,237 49.92%
CPI M. Selvarasu 3,19,771 46.65% −12.12%
PT T. Nadaiyazhagan 22,346 3.26%
Margin of victory 22,466 3.28% −17.27%
Turnout 6,85,512 66.02% −8.10%
Registered electors 10,54,666 3.29%
DMK gain from CPI Swing -6.85%

General Elections 1998

1998 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
CPI M. Selvarasu 375,589 58.77% 2.00%
AIADMK Dr. K. Gopal 2,44,286 38.23%
INC M. Thiagarajan 15,837 2.48% −22.43%
PT G. Jeevanandam 3,354 0.52%
Margin of victory 1,31,303 20.55% −11.32%
Turnout 6,39,066 64.75% −9.37%
Registered electors 10,21,037 3.97%
CPI hold Swing 2.00%

General Elections 1996

1996 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
CPI M. Selvarasu 394,330 56.77% 10.97%
INC M. Kannivannan 1,72,984 24.90% −24.80%
CPI(M) V. Thambusamy 1,08,069 15.56%
BJP S. Rajamani 16,582 2.39%
Margin of victory 2,21,346 31.87% 27.96%
Turnout 6,94,577 74.12% 0.68%
Registered electors 9,82,040 6.48%
CPI gain from INC Swing 7.07%

General Elections 1991

1991 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
INC Padma 327,413 49.71% 3.49%
CPI M. Selvarasu 3,01,697 45.80% −3.52%
PMK U. Kasinathan 28,098 4.27% 0.58%
Margin of victory 25,716 3.90% 0.80%
Turnout 6,58,707 73.44% −1.77%
Registered electors 9,22,262 −1.04%
INC gain from CPI Swing 0.38%

General Elections 1989

1989 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
CPI M. Selvarasu 341,921 49.32% −0.21%
INC N. S. Veeramurasu 3,20,398 46.22%
PMK V. S. Thagaraju 25,516 3.68%
Margin of victory 21,523 3.10% 2.73%
Turnout 6,93,243 75.22% −7.06%
Registered electors 9,31,916 23.29%
CPI gain from AIADMK Swing -0.59%

General Elections 1984

1984 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
AIADMK M. Mahalingam 300,912 49.91%
CPI K. Murugaiyan 2,98,623 49.53% 0.51%
Independent S. Arumugam 3,376 0.56%
Margin of victory 2,289 0.38% −1.57%
Turnout 6,02,911 82.27% 1.42%
Registered electors 7,55,903 10.46%
AIADMK gain from DMK Swing -1.07%

General Elections 1980

1980 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
DMK Thazhai Karunanithi 278,561 50.98% 4.93%
CPI K. Murugaiyan 2,67,887 49.02% −4.93%
Margin of victory 10,674 1.95% −5.96%
Turnout 5,46,448 80.86% 1.89%
Registered electors 6,84,297 3.14%
DMK gain from CPI Swing -2.98%

By-election 1979

1979 By Election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
CPI K. Murugaiyan 288,000 51.12% −2.83%
AIADMK M. Mahalingam 2,72,059 48.29% New
Margin of victory 15,941 2.83% Decrease25.44
Turnout
Registered electors
CPI hold Swing

General Elections 1977

1977 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
CPI S. G. Murugaiyan 278,419 53.95% −0.99%
DMK Thazhai Karunanithi 2,37,609 46.05%
Margin of victory 40,810 7.91% −14.03%
Turnout 5,16,028 78.97% −1.62%
Registered electors 6,63,463 28.27%
CPI hold Swing -0.99%

General Elections 1971

1971 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
CPI M. Kathamuthu 219,684 54.95% 35.65%
INC(O) V. Sabasivam 1,31,957 33.00%
CPI(M) G. Bharathimohan 48,171 12.05% −26.88%
Margin of victory 87,727 21.94% 19.09%
Turnout 3,99,812 80.59% −4.10%
Registered electors 5,17,251 8.43%
CPI gain from INC Swing 13.17%

General Elections 1967

1967 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
INC V. Sambasivam 164,167 41.78% −4.20%
CPI(M) V. P. Chintan 1,52,948 38.93%
CPI M. Kathamuthu 75,812 19.29% −17.45%
Margin of victory 11,219 2.86% −6.38%
Turnout 3,92,927 84.69% 4.00%
Registered electors 4,77,019 6.39%
INC hold Swing -4.20%

General Elections 1962

1962 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
INC Gopalsamy Thenkondar 161,421 45.98% 19.03%
CPI C. Kandasamy Thevar 1,29,004 36.74% 20.54%
IUML A. M. Mytheen Sayabu 56,412 16.07%
Independent Mohamed Cassim Rowther 4,252 1.21%
Margin of victory 32,417 9.23% 5.45%
Turnout 3,51,089 80.68% −28.80%
Registered electors 4,48,355 −47.57%
INC hold Swing 19.03%

General Elections 1957

1957 Indian general election: Nagapattinam
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
INC K. R. Sambandam 252,275 26.95%
INC M. Ayyakkannu 216,890 23.17%
CPI A. K. Subbiah 1,51,704 16.20%
CPI P. Ramamoorthy 1,24,205 13.27%
Independent K. Manoharam 78,983 8.44%
Independent S. M. R. Arumugam Pillai 57,507 6.14%
Independent V. Veerasamy 54,597 5.83%
Margin of victory 35,385 3.78%
Turnout 9,36,161 109.48%
Registered electors 8,55,083
INC win (new seat)

Detailed election history

Double-seat constituency

Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency, then in the Madras State, was constituted for the 1957 Indian general election. In the 1957 election Nagapattinam elected two parliamentarians, one general seat and one seat reserved for Scheduled Castes. CPI fielded two prominent leaders, P. Ramamurthi and A.K. Subbiah, in Nagapattinam.[3] Nevertheless, both seats were won by Indian National Congress candidates.[3] For the Scheduled Caste seat M. Ayyakkannu of Congress obtained 216,890 votes (51.25%), A.K. Subbiah 151,704 votes (35.85%) and independent candidate V. Veeraswamy 54,597 votes (12.90%).[6] For the general seat K.R. Sambandam of Congress obtained 252,275 votes (49.18%), P. Ramamurthi of CPI 124,205 votes (24.21%), independent candidate K. Manoharam 78,983 votes (15.40%) and independent candidate S.M.R. Arumugan Pillai 57,507 (11.21%).[7]

1960s

In the 1962 Indian general election Congress fielded Gopalsamy Thenkondar as its candidate in Nagapattinam. Thenkondar won the seat, obtaining 45.98% of the vote, defeating C. Kandasamy Thevar of CPI (36.74%), A.M. Mytheen Sayabu of the Muslim League (16.07%) and independent candidate Mohamed Cassim Rowther (1.21%).[8]

After the 1964 split in the CPI, the break-away Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as the dominant communist faction in Nagapattinam taluk whilst CPI remained the larger party in the other taluks in the area.[9][10] In 1964 CPI(M) formed the Tamil Nadu Tillers Association in Nagapattinam.[11]

Congress had support from middle-class sectors and middle-caste farmers.[9] The Swatantra Party had a presence in the area, based amongst Brahmin mirasdhars.[9]

In the 1967 Indian general election three candidates contested the Nagapattinam seat.[12] CPI(M) had fielded the prominent trade union leader V.P. Sinthan.[13] CPI fielded M. Kathamuthu and Congress fielded V. Sambasivam.[12] Together the CPI and CPI(M) candidates accounted for the majority of the votes, but the Congress candidate won.[14] CPI argued that it had withdrawn its candidate in Coimbatore but that CPI(M) had not responded well to that gesture, and thus CPI insisted on fielding a candidate of its own in Nagapattinam.[14] Notably Nagapattinam recorded the highest voter turnout nationwide with 84.69% in the 1967 election.[15][12]

1970s

In the 1971 Indian general election three candidates contested the Nagapattinam seat: the incumbent V. Sambasivan (now representing Congress(O)), M. Kathamuthu (CPI) and G. Bharatimohan (CPI(M)).[16] M. Kathamuthu won the seat with 54.95% of the votes, with V. Sambasivan and G. Bharatimohan obtaining 33% and 12.05% respectively.[16]

Ahead of the 1977 Indian general election CPI was allocated Nagapattinam as part of the Congress-AIADMK seat sharing alliance.[17] For this election Nagapattinam had been identified as reserved for Scheduled Castes.[18] There were only two candidates in the fray, S.G. Murugaiyan of CPI and Thazhai M. Karunanidhi of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[18] S.G. Murugaiyan won the seat, obtaining 53.95% of the vote.[18]

In January 1979 S.G. Murugaiyan was assassinated.[19][20] CPI blamed 'AIADMK goondas' for the murder.[21] A mass protest was held in Mannargudi after the killing, CPI claimed around a 100,000 people took part in the rally.[22] A by-election was held in Nagapattinam, which was won by fellow CPI member K. Murugaiyan (supported by DMK and CPI(M)), who defeated the AIADMK candidate M. Mahalingam (supported by Congress).[23][24]

1980s

In the 1980 Indian general election two candidates contested the Nagapattinam seat: the incumbent K. Murugaiyan from CPI and Thazhai M. Karunanidhi from DMK.[25] Thazai M. Karunanidhi won the seat, obtaining 50.98% of the votes.[25]

The 1984 Indian general election saw K. Murugaiyan (CPI) and M. Mahalingam (AIADMK) face each other again.[26] M. Mahalingam narrowly won the seat, obtaining 49.91% of the votes, with 49.53% going to K. Murugaiyan and 0.56% to independent candidate S. Arumugam.[26]

Six candidates contested the Nagapattinam seat in the 1989 Indian general election, with the two main candidates being M. Selvarasu of CPI and N.S. Veeramurasu of Congress.[27] The CPI candidate was supported by DMK whilst the Congress candidate was backed by AIADMK.[28] M. Selvarasu won the seat with 49.32% against 46.22% for N.S. Veeramurasu.[27] The victory in Nagapattinam was the sole successful contest for the DMK-led front in Tamil Nadu in 1989, against 38 seats won by the AIADMK-Congress combine.[28]

In the 1991 Indian general election four candidates contested Nagapattinam: the winning Congress candidate Padma (49.71%), the defeated CPI incumbent M. Selvarasu (45.80%), Pattali Makkal Katchi candidate U. Kasinathan (4.27%) and independent candidate K. Ambikapathi (0.23%).[29] Padma was the second woman to be elected to the Lok Sabha from the central districts of Tamil Nadu since Independence.[30]

In the 1996 Indian general election, local issues dominated the campaigns in Nagapattinam.[31] Amongst the 39 Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu, Nagapattinam had the lowest number of candidates (6).[31] In 1996 election Nagapattinam had the highest voter turnout percentage in Tamil Nadu at 74%.[32] M. Selvarasu of CPI regained the seat with 56.77% of the votes.[33] The runner-up was M. Kannivannan of Congress (24.90%), followed by V. Thambusamy of CPI(M) (15.56%), S. Rajamani of the Bharatiya Janata Party (2.39%) and two independents.[33]

In 1998 election Nagapattinam was the sole seat allocated to CPI in the DMK-led alliance in Tamil Nadu.[34] Four candidates contested the election.[35] M. Selvarasu of CPI retained the seat, obtaining 58.77% of the votes.[35] The main runner-up was Dr. K. Gopal of AIADMK, a medical doctor and Nannilam state legislator 1991–1996.[35][36] K. Gopal got 38.23% of the votes, Congress candidate M. Thiagaranjan 2.48% and PT candidate G. Jeevanadam 0.52%.[35]

CPI lost the seat in the 1999 Indian general election, by a margin of 22,466 votes.[37] The outcome was unexpected, as the CPI historically had strong support in the area and the backing of AIADMK in this election.[37] Nagapattinam had elected a CPI parliamentarian in 1989 and 1998, when the state-wide trend had been negative for CPI.[38] DMK candidate A.K.S. Vijayan won the seat with 49.92% of the votes, followed by M. Selvarasu with 46.65%, PT candidate T. Nadaiyazhagan with 3.26% and independent candidate Durai Balaguru with 0.17%.[39] A.K.S. Vijayan is the son of CPI leader A.K. Subbiah.[3]

2000s

Dr. K. Gopal, elected Member of Parliament in 2014

In the 2004 Indian general election campaign, water shortages were a major concern in Nagapattinam.[3] By the time, the area had experienced drought since 2001, with ground water levels decreasing.[40] CPI supported DMK candidate A.K.S. Vijayan, the Nagapattinam District Secretary of DMK.[40][3] A.K.S. Vijayan retained the seat, defeating the AIADMK candidate P.J. Archunan, Janata Dal (United) candidate S.G.M. Ramesh and eight others.[41]

On 10 August 2007 the Delimitation Commission issued an order, retaining Nagapattinam as a constituency reserved for Scheduled Castes.[42][43] Initial drafts for delimitation had the Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency abolished, but in the final decision the constituency remained.[43] After delimitation the communist influence in Nagapattinam decreased, as the Mannargudi segment (with strong CPI and AIADMK influences) was removed from the Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency.[2]

In the 2009 Indian general election Nagapattinam again had the lowest number of candidates in Tamil Nadu (7).[42] Apart from the water crisis, two key concerns in the constituency were price rises and insufficiencies in electric power supply.[2] A.K.S. Vijayan of DMK retained the seat with 48.48% of the votes, followed by M. Selvarasu of CPI with 42.20% and M. Muthukumar of DMDK with 6.73%.[44]

Nine candidates contested the Nagapattinam seat in the 2014 Indian general election.[45] CPI contested the Nagapattinam seat without support from neither AIADMK nor DMK for the first time since 1962.[1] Nagapattinam the sole seat in central Tamil Nadu contested by CPI.[28] The party nominated G. Palanisamy, four-time state legislator of Thiruthuraipoondi assembly constituency.[28] His main contenders were Dr. K. Gopal of AIADMK and A.K.S. Vijayan from DMK.[45][36] Dr. K. Gopal won the seat with 46.06%, followed by 34.81% for A.K.S. Vijayan.[45] Whilst the performance of CPI and CPI(M) candidates in Tamil Nadu in 2014 was generally far below expectations of the left parties, G. Palanisamy managed to come in third place in Nagapattinam with votes in double digits (9.58%).[45][46]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c The Hindu. A stiff three-way contest in Nagapattinam
  2. ^ a b c The Hindu. Agrarian crisis a major issue
  3. ^ a b c d e f The Hindu. DMK versus AIADMK in Communist stronghold[dead link‍]
  4. ^ "Nagapattianm Voter List".
  5. ^ "General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 25 May 2019. p. 26. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  6. ^ Lok Sabha. AYYAKKANNU, SHRI M.
  7. ^ Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1957 TO THE SECOND LOK SABHA
  8. ^ Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1962 TO THE THIRD LOK SABHA
  9. ^ a b c Gabriele Dietrich (1977). Religion and people's organisation in east Thanjavur. Published for the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, by the Christian Literature Society. p. 92.
  10. ^ The Administrator. Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration. 1990. p. 90.
  11. ^ Francine R. Frankel; M. S. A. Rao (15 March 1990). Dominance and state power in modern India: decline of a social order. Oxford University Press. p. 389.
  12. ^ a b c Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1967 TO THE FOURTH LOK SABHA Archived 2014-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ The Hindu. Will the saga continue?
  14. ^ a b Mainstream. S. Sandhu. 1967. p. 14.
  15. ^ M. Pattabhiram (1967). General election in India 1967: an exhaustive study of main political trends. Allied Publishers. p. 20.
  16. ^ a b Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1971 TO THE FIFTH LOK SABHA
  17. ^ The Election Archives. Shiv Lal. 1978.
  18. ^ a b c Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1977 TO THE SIXTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha (1979). Parliamentary debates: official report. Council of States Secretariat.
  20. ^ India. Parliament. House of the People; India. Parliament. Lok Sabha (1979). Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat.
  21. ^ Indian Politics: Documents, Events & Figures. Avinash Reference Publications. 1979. p. 194.
  22. ^ Party Life. Communist Party of India. 1979. p. 4.
  23. ^ Election Commission of India. Bye-election results 1952–95
  24. ^ Kathleen Gough (June 1989). Rural change in southeast India: 1950s to 1980s. Oxford University Press. p. 470.
  25. ^ a b Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1980 TO THE SEVENTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ a b Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1984 TO THE EIGHT LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ a b Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1989 TO THE NINTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ a b c d The Hindu. Four-time MLA is CPI’s choice for Nagapattinam
  29. ^ Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1991 TO THE TENTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ The Hindu. Only 2 women MPs from central districts
  31. ^ a b Frontline. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. April 1996. pp. 119, 123.
  32. ^ G. V. L. Narasimha Rao; K. Balakrishnan (1 January 1999). Indian Elections: The Nineties. Har-Anand Publication. p. 308.
  33. ^ a b Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1996 TO THE ELEVENTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)
  34. ^ Meenu Roy (1999). Elections 1998: a continuity in coalition. National Pub. House. p. 83.
  35. ^ a b c d Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ a b The Hindu. Thambidurai and Kumar in the fray again for AIADMK
  37. ^ a b Mahendra Singh Rana (2000). India Votes: Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha Elections 1999, 2000 : Poll Analysis, Election Data, and Party Manifestos. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 330, 332. ISBN 978-81-7646-139-9.
  38. ^ J. C. Aggarwal; N. K. Chowdhry (1 January 2000). Lok Sabha Elections 1999: Last of the Millennium. Shipra Publications. p. 90. ISBN 978-81-7541-051-0.
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10°46′N 79°50′E / 10.77°N 79.83°E / 10.77; 79.83

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