In algebraic geometry, the Néron–Severi group of a variety is the group of divisors modulo algebraic equivalence; in other words it is the group of components of the Picard scheme of a variety. Its rank is called the Picard number. It is named after Francesco Severi and André Néron.

In the cases of most importance to classical algebraic geometry, for a complete variety V that is non-singular, the connected component of the Picard scheme is an abelian variety written

Pic⁰(V).

The quotient

Pic(V)/Pic⁰(V)

is an abelian group NS(V), called the Néron–Severi group of V. This is a finitely-generated abelian group by the Néron–Severi theorem, which was proved by Severi over the complex numbers and by Néron over more general fields.

In other words, the Picard group fits into an exact sequence

${\displaystyle 1\to \mathrm {Pic} ^{0}(V)\to \mathrm {Pic} (V)\to \mathrm {NS} (V)\to 0}$

The fact that the rank is finite is Francesco Severi's theorem of the base; the rank is the Picard number of V, often denoted ρ(V). The elements of finite order are called Severi divisors, and form a finite group which is a birational invariant and whose order is called the Severi number. Geometrically NS(V) describes the algebraic equivalence classes of divisors on V; that is, using a stronger, non-linear equivalence relation in place of linear equivalence of divisors, the classification becomes amenable to discrete invariants. Algebraic equivalence is closely related to numerical equivalence, an essentially topological classification by intersection numbers.

The exponential sheaf sequence

${\displaystyle 0\to 2\pi i\mathbb {Z} \to {\mathcal {O}}_{V}\to {\mathcal {O}}_{V}^{*}\to 0}$

gives rise to a long exact sequence featuring

${\displaystyle \cdots \to H^{1}(V,{\mathcal {O}}_{V}^{*})\to H^{2}(V,2\pi i\mathbb {Z} )\to H^{2}(V,{\mathcal {O}}_{V})\to \cdots .}$

The first arrow is the first Chern class on the Picard group

${\displaystyle c_{1}\colon \mathrm {Pic} (V)\to H^{2}(V,\mathbb {Z} ),}$

and the Neron-Severi group can be identified with its image. Equivalently, by exactness, the Neron-Severi group is the kernel of the second arrow

${\displaystyle \exp ^{*}\colon H^{2}(V,2\pi i\mathbb {Z} )\to H^{2}(V,{\mathcal {O}}_{V}).}$

In the complex case, the Neron-Severi group is therefore the group of 2-cocycles whose Poincaré dual is represented by a complex hypersurface, that is, a Weil divisor.

Complex tori are special because they have multiple equivalent definitions of the Neron-Severi group. One definition uses its complex structure for the definition^{[1]pg 30}. For a complex torus ${\displaystyle X=V/\Lambda }$, where ${\displaystyle V}$ is a complex vector space of dimension ${\displaystyle n}$ and ${\displaystyle \Lambda }$ is a lattice of rank ${\displaystyle 2n}$ embedding in ${\displaystyle V}$, the first Chern class ${\displaystyle c_{1}}$ makes it possible to identify the Neron-Severi group with the group of Hermitian forms ${\displaystyle H}$ on ${\displaystyle V}$ such that

${\displaystyle {\text{Im}}H(\Lambda ,\Lambda )\subseteq \mathbb {Z} }$

Note that ${\displaystyle {\text{Im}}H}$ is an alternating integral form on the lattice ${\displaystyle \Lambda }$.

• Complex torus

• V.A. Iskovskikh (2001) [1994], "Néron–Severi group", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
• A. Néron, Problèmes arithmétiques et géometriques attachée à la notion de rang d'une courbe algébrique dans un corps Bull. Soc. Math. France, 80 (1952) pp. 101–166
• A. Néron, La théorie de la base pour les diviseurs sur les variétés algébriques, Coll. Géom. Alg. Liège, G. Thone (1952) pp. 119–126
• F. Severi, La base per le varietà algebriche di dimensione qualunque contenute in una data e la teoria generale delle corrispondénze fra i punti di due superficie algebriche Mem. Accad. Ital., 5 (1934) pp. 239–283