Mycosphaerella musicola

Mycosphaerella musicola
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Capnodiales
Family: Mycosphaerellaceae
Genus: Mycosphaerella
Species:
M. musicola
Binomial name
Mycosphaerella musicola
R. Leach ex J.L. Mulder 1976
Synonyms

Cercospora musae Zimm. 1902
Pseudocercospora musae (Zimm.) Deighton,[1]

Mycosphaerella musicola (or Pseudocercospora musae,[2][3][4]) is a fungal plant pathogen, which is the causal agent of Yellow Sigatoka leaf spot disease on banana plants.

Characteristics

Sigatoka leaf spot disease (SD) is a disease of bananas and is caused by the ascomycetous fungus, Mycosphaerella musicola. This pathogen can be distinguished morphologically from Mycosphaerella fijiensis, which causes black leaf streak disease (BLSD), by the characteristics of the conidia and conidiophore. The anamorph of M. musicola is Pseudocercospora musae which lacks the thickened cell walls that are present at the base of the conidia of Paracercospora fijien, the anamorph of M. fijiensis, and are shorter and less wavy. The conidiophores of P. musae are bottle-shaped and much smaller than the elongated conidiophores of P. fijiensis which are often bent and bear conspicuous conidial scars. The two species can also be differentiated by molecular methods.[5]

Distribution

Mycosphaerella musicola was first reported from Java in 1902 and by 1962 was found in most banana growing regions of the world. Although it is spread over short distances by conidia and ascospores, over long distances it is the movement of infected germplasm such as diseased leaves and suckers that is likely to be responsible. In the Pacific islands and in lowland areas of South America (including Brazil,[4]) and Africa, symptoms of SD are now rarely seen and BLSD has largely supplanted it. SD is more adapted to cooler regions and often predominates at altitudes over 1200 metres while BLSD is rarely seen at such elevations.[5]

Life cycle

When spores of M. musicola are deposited on a susceptible banana leaf they germinate within three hours if there is a film of water present or if the humidity is very high. The optimal temperature for germination of the conidia is between 25-29 °C and for the ascospores, 25-26 °C. The germ tube grows epiphytically over the epidermis for about five days before penetrating the leaf via a stoma.[6] Once inside the leaf the invasive hypha forms a vesicle and fine hyphae grow through the mesophyll layers into an air chamber. More hyphae then grow into the palisade tissue and continue on into other air chambers, eventually emerging through stomata in the streak that has developed. Further epiphytic growth occurs before the re-entry of the hypha into the leaf through another stoma repeats the process.[7][8]

Both conidia and ascospores are important for dispersal of M. musicola with the ascospores being involved in the movement of the pathogen over longer distances than the conidia.[9] The deposition of ascospores by wind currents is generally near the tips of the leaves resulting in a distinctive pattern of infection on the leaf extremities. When conidia are the source of the inoculum and these are dislodged by rain, a distinctive line of streaks is produced as water trickles down the leaf blade.[6]

Symptoms

It is not always easy to differentiate between the symptoms of SD and BLSD. The first sign of disease in SD is the appearance of small yellow streaks on the upper side of leaves while in BLSD small, dark brown streaks appear on the lower surface of leaves. These streaks enlarge and coalesce forming necrotic lesions with light gray centres and yellow perimeters. Large areas of leaf can be damaged causing a lowering of photosynthetic ability, a reduction in crop yield and premature ripening of the fruit. BLSD is the more serious of the diseases as the symptoms emerge on younger leaves and it affects many cultivars that have developed resistance to SD, including the plantain subgroup.[5]

References

  1. ^ (Zimm.) Deighton, Mycol. Pap. 140: 148 (1976)
  2. ^ Borah, Sudarshana; Bora, Dipsikha; Bhorali, Priyadarshini (2022). "Infection by Pseudocercospora musae leads to an early reprogramming of the Musa paradisiaca defense transcriptome". 3 Biotech. 12 (177): 177. doi:10.1007/s13205-022-03245-9. PMC 9288577. PMID 35855477.
  3. ^ Crous, P.W.; Carlier, J.; Roussel, V.; Groenewald, J.Z. (June 2021). "Pseudocercospora and allied genera associated with leaf spots of banana (Musa spp.)". Fungal Syst. Evol. 7: 1–19. doi:10.3114/fuse.2021.07.01. PMC 8165963. PMID 34124615.
  4. ^ a b Brito, Fabiane S.D.; Santos, Jansen R.P.; Azevedo, Vânia C.R.; Peixouto, Yslai S.; de Oliveira, Saulo A.; Ferreira, Cláudia F.; Haddad, Fernando; Amorim, Edson P.; Fraaije, Bart; Miller, Robert N.G. (4 February 2020). "Genetic Diversity and Azole Fungicide Sensitivity in Pseudocercospora musae Field Populations in Brazil". Frontiers in Microbiology. 11: 99. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00099. PMC 7011104. PMID 32117129.
  5. ^ a b c INIBAP [dead link]
  6. ^ a b Meredith DS (1970) 'Banana leaf spot disease (Sigatoka) caused by Mycosphaerella musicola Leach.' (Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England)
  7. ^ PaDIL[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Jones DR (2000) Sigatoka. In 'Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset'. (Ed. DR Jones) pp. 79-92. (CABI Publishing: Wallingford)
  9. ^ Stover RH (1971) Leaf spot of bananas caused by Mycosphaerella musicola: Role of conidia in epidemiology. Phytopathology 60, 856-860.

Read other articles:

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Es krim spaghetti ala Baden-Baden Spaghettieis (dibaca Spaghetti ice) adalah sebuah es krim dari Jerman. Keunikan es krim spaghetti adalah bentuk es krim yang menyerupai spaghetti. Es krim spaghetti dibuat oleh Dario Fontanella, seorang Jerman pada ta...

 

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Further Adventures of The Joker – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remov...

 

Japanese manga series Air MasterFirst tankōbon volume coverエアマスター(Ea Masutā)GenreComedy[1]Martial arts[2] MangaWritten byYokusaru ShibataPublished byHakusenshaImprintJets ComicsMagazineYoung AnimalDemographicSeinenOriginal run1996 – 2006Volumes28 Anime television seriesDirected byDaisuke NishioProduced byHiroshi YamashitaManabu TamuraAtsushi KidoWritten byMichiko YokoteMusic byYoshihisa HiranoStudioToei AnimationLicensed byCru...

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Di berbagai peta, Singapura ditandai dengan titik merah kecil di ujung selatan Semenanjung Malaya Logo perayaan 50 tahun kemerdekaan Singapura Little red dot (atau The Red Dot, Little Red Dot; Indonesia: Titik merah kecilcode: id is deprecated ) adalah...

 

The Spanish Labyrinth First editionAuthorGerald BrenanLanguageEnglishSubjectHistoryPublished1943Media typePrint The Spanish Labyrinth (full title: The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War) by Gerald Brenan, is an account of Spain's social, economic, and political history as the background of the Spanish Civil War. First published in 1943, it has stayed in print, with repeated reissues. Together with works by noted Hispanists such ...

 

Kon-Katedral LubaczówKon-Katedral Tempat Ziarah Santo Stanislausbahasa Polandia: Konkatedra bł. Jakuba Strzemię w LubaczowieKon-Katedral LubaczówLokasiLubaczówNegaraPolandiaDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKon-katedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Zamość-Lubaczów Kon-Katedral Lubaczów atau yang bernama resmi Kon-Katedral Tempat Ziarah Santo Stanislaus (bahasa Polandia: Konkatedra bł. Jakuba Strzemię w Lubaczowie) adalah sebuah gereja kon-k...

Economy hotel chain run by Choice Hotels Rodeway InnCompany typeBrand of Choice HotelsIndustryHotelsFounded1962FoundersMichael Robinson Joe SimmonsHeadquartersPhoenix, Arizona, U.S.Number of locations578 (June 30, 2020)[1]Area servedUnited States, CanadaKey peopleRandy Pratt ownerProductsMotelOwnerChoice HotelsWebsitewww.choicehotels.com/rodeway-inn Rodeway Inn is a chain of economy-priced hotels in the United States and Canada. Founded by Michael Robinson in 1962, the franchise is no...

 

American baseball player and manager (1927–2021) For the Chrysler executive, see Thomas W. LaSorda. Baseball player Tommy LasordaLasorda at the White House in 1981Pitcher / ManagerBorn: (1927-09-22)September 22, 1927Norristown, Pennsylvania, U.S.Died: January 7, 2021(2021-01-07) (aged 93)Fullerton, California, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutAugust 5, 1954, for the Brooklyn DodgersLast MLB appearanceJuly 8, 1956, for the Kansas City AthleticsMLB statis...

 

Place in Varna, BulgariaDevnya ДевняDevnyaLocation of DevnyaCoordinates: 43°13′N 27°34′E / 43.217°N 27.567°E / 43.217; 27.567CountryBulgariaProvince(Oblast)VarnaGovernment • MayorSvilen ShitovElevation48 m (157 ft)Population (31.12.2009)[1] • Total8,383Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal Code9160Area code0519 Devnya (Bulgarian: Девня [ˈdɛvnʲɐ]) is a town in Varna ...

Armenian stuffed pumpkin dish This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Ghapama – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) GhapamaTraditional ghapama, cut and ready to serveTypeStewPlace of originArmeniaMain ingredientsPumpkin, rice, dried f...

 

Brazilian footballer (born 1946) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Dadá Maravilha – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this m...

 

9°31′40″N 45°32′04″E / 9.527889°N 45.5345°E / 9.527889; 45.5345 برعو    علم الإحداثيات 9°31′40″N 45°32′04″E / 9.527889°N 45.5345°E / 9.527889; 45.5345   تقسيم إداري  البلد صوماليلاند[1]  التقسيم الأعلى توغدير  عاصمة لـ توغدير  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 28 كيلومتر مربع  �...

Bartolomeo Signoroni Bartolomeo Signoroni (Adro, 7 gennaio 1797 – Padova, 28 novembre 1844) è stato un chirurgo italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Pubblicazioni scientifiche 3 Bibliografia 4 Voci correlate 5 Altri progetti 6 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Dopo gli studi primari si laureò all'Università degli Studi di Pavia in Chirurgia. Frequentò quindi la scuola biennale di perfezionamento all'Università di Vienna, riservata ai migliori allievi dell'Impero austro-ungarico, dove fu allievo...

 

District and community in Cardiff, Wales 51°30′40″N 3°11′56″W / 51.511°N 3.199°W / 51.511; -3.199 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Heath, Cardiff – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Entrance ...

 

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 to 1997 This article is about the former prime minister of the United Kingdom. For other people with the same name, see John Major (disambiguation). The Right HonourableSir John MajorKG CHMajor in 1995Prime Minister of the United KingdomIn office28 November 1990 – 2 May 1997MonarchElizabeth IIDeputyMichael Heseltine (1995‍–‍1997)Preceded byMargaret ThatcherSucceeded byTony BlairLeader of the OppositionIn office2 M...

Duchy in Central Europe between 1680–1807 Duchy of MagdeburgHerzogtum Magdeburg1680–1807 Coat of arms The Duchy of Magdeburg within Brandenburg-Prussia at the death of the Great Elector (1688)StatusFief of Brandenburg (1680–1701)Fief of Prussia (1701–1807)CapitalMagdeburg, HalleReligion Roman CatholicGovernmentDuchyHistory • Archbishopric of Magdeburgsecularised 1680• Joined Kingdom of Prussia 1701• Disestablished 1807 Preceded by Succeeded by Archbishopric o...

 

Chinese actress (born 1970) Yong MeiYong Mei at the 69th Berlin International Film FestivalBorn (1970-02-14) 14 February 1970 (age 54)Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, ChinaAlma materUniversity of International Business and EconomicsOccupationActressYears active1997–presentAwardsSilver Bear for Best Actress (2019)Chinese nameChinese咏梅TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYǒng Méi Yong Mei (Chinese: 咏梅; born 14 February 1970) is a Chinese actress. In 2019, she won the...

 

American college basketball season 2022–23 Central Connecticut Blue Devils men's basketballConferenceNortheast ConferenceRecord10–22 (7–9 NEC)Head coachPatrick Sellers (2nd season)Assistant coaches Ben Wood Lenny Jefferson Ryan Olander Home arenaWilliam H. Detrick GymnasiumSeasons← 2021–222023–24 → 2022–23 Northeast Conference men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   PCT W   L   PCT Merrimack*† 12 – 4 ...

ريمونسترانتيون تعديل مصدري - تعديل   جزء من سلسلة عنأرمينيانيةجاكوب أرمينيوس خلفية بروتستانتية إصلاح بروتستانتي Five Articles of Remonstrance Calvinist–Arminian debate Arminianism in the Anglican Church شخصيات جاكوب أرمينيوس Simon Episcopius هوغو غروتيوس The Remonstrants Synod of Dort participants جون ويزلي تعاليم Total depravity Conditional electi...

 

Haitian politician (1931–2023) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding ...