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The Multi-Role Ocean Surveillance Ship (MROSS) is a type of research and surveillance ship in development since 2021 for the United Kingdom's Royal Fleet Auxiliary.^[1] The first ship, RFA Proteus, is a commercial ship converted to the role which entered service in October 2023.^[2] The second ship is planned, potentially as a new build vessel. Both ships are to be used by the RFA to research and protect critical undersea national infrastructure, such as undersea cables and gas pipelines, in both British and international waters.

Background

With around 380 in use across the world, undersea cables play a key role in the global economy by carrying trillions of dollars worth in financial transfers and transmitting 97% of the world's global communications.^[3] The UK, like most countries, is heavily reliant on undersea cables for its telecommunications and so considers them part of its critical national infrastructure.^[4] Due to their importance, they represent a potential high value target of hostile state interference and sabotage.^[5] In 2015, the Russian Navy commissioned Yantar, a research vessel which has since been sighted in the vicinity of undersea cables with an alleged capability to tamper with them.^[6]^[7] In December 2017, UK Chief of Defence Staff Sir Stuart Peach warned that Russia's modernised navy and increased submarine activity in the Atlantic Ocean could pose a significant threat to the UK's undersea cables. He warned that Russia could strike a "catastrophic" blow to the country's economy by cutting, disrupting or wire-tapping its undersea cables.^[8]

In 2021, the British government published the Integrated Review, a foreign, defence, security and international development policy review, which declared that the ocean was facing pressures caused by climate change and environment degradation, as well as growing tensions around maritime choke points, migration and piracy. This, it stated, negatively impacted livelihoods around the world and impacted the ocean's biological and mineral resources.^[9]

MROSS will not be the first vessels used by the Naval Service for research and surveillance. In the early 2020s, the Royal Navy's Hydrographic Squadron consisted of five ships: subsea support/ice patrol vessel HMS Protector, inshore and coastal survey vessel HMS Magpie, ocean survey vessel HMS Scott and two Echo-class survey ships.^[10] In the past, the Royal Navy also operated HMS Challenger, a specialist diving vessel commissioned in 1983, which took part in clandestine deep diving operations at the end of the Cold War. However, she decommissioned in 1990, followed by HMS Echo in 2022 and the withdrawal of her sister ship, HMS Enterprise in March 2023.^[11] While HMS Scott is reported as likely to be extended in service until 2033,^[12] there remains a capability gap which the MROSS ships are expected to fill.^[5]

Development

The Multi-Role Ocean Surveillance Ship programme was first publicly announced as part of the Integrated Review, a foreign, defence, security and international development policy review published by the British government in March 2021. The review stated that a singular ship would be procured to help deliver a government commitment to protecting the UK's critical national infrastructure and help further its knowledge of the maritime environment.^[9] It was also a part of a 30-year National Shipbuilding Strategy and likely to be built in Scotland.^[13]^[14]

By October 2021, the first ship had entered the concept and assessment phase.^[15] In October 2022, amid suspected Russian sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline, British Defence Secretary Ben Wallace announced that two MROSS ships would be procured. The first ship is to be procured as a ready-built commercial vessel and converted, ready for service in 2023. The second vessel may be purpose-built in the UK.^[16] In November 2022, the Ministry of Defence announced that the programme would be accelerated using funds gained through the cancellation of the National Flagship, a vessel which was to be used by the monarch and government officials to promote UK interests abroad. The MOD also confirmed that the first MROSS vessel would enter service with the Royal Fleet Auxiliary in January 2023.^[1]^{[needs update]}

In January 2023, the first vessel — MV Topaz Tangaroa — was acquired and entered service as RFA Proteus. She was purchased for £70 million (US$95.89 million) and is to be converted to act as a mothership for autonomous systems and have military communications and light defensive armament added.^[17] Conversion work was carried out at Cammell Laird's facility in Birkenhead, England^[18] and the vessel entered service in October 2023.^[19]

Characteristics

Proteus

The first MROSS vessel, RFA Proteus, is a ready-built commercial vessel which has undergone conversion, whilst the second vessel may be purpose-built in the UK.^[20] Service entry for the second purpose-built vessel is anticipated in the early 2030s.^[21] As such, the two vessels are likely to have different designs and characteristics.^[16]

Proteus was built in Norway in 2019 and will be equipped to operate autonomous submersibles. She has diesel-electric propulsion with powerful twin bow thrusters to "hold a precise stationary position when working over subsea installations". She is also equipped with a moon pool, permitting a sheltered way for robot submersibles to be launched or recovered in high sea states. The ship is 98.1 metres (321 ft 10 in) long with a flight deck, heavy duty crane and 1,000 square metres (11,000 sq ft) of cargo space.^[17] She has a displacement of 6,000 tonnes (5,900 long tons) and will be crewed by around two dozen RFA sailors and up to 60 Royal Navy specialists.^[18]

Whilst both ships will be primarily tasked with survey duties and the protection of the UK's undersea cables and energy supplies, they will also be capable of supporting other defence tasks, such as exercises and operations in the Arctic Ocean.^[22]^[10]