Motorcycle braking systems

Aprilia Tuono R front brakes have two floating stainless steel discs with sintered pads, and radially mounted, four-piston calipers

Motorcycle braking systems have varied throughout time, as motorcycles evolved from bicycles with an engine attached, to the 220 mph (350 km/h) prototype motorcycles seen racing in MotoGP. Most systems work by converting kinetic energy into thermal energy (heat) by friction. On motorcycles, approximately 70% of the braking effort is performed by the front brake. This however can vary for individual motorcycles; longer-wheelbase types having more weight biased rearward, such as cruisers and tourers, can have a`greater effort applied by the rear brake. In contrast, sports bikes with a shorter wheelbase and more vertical fork geometry can tolerate higher front braking loads.[1] For these reasons, motorcycles tend to have a vastly more powerful front brake compared to the rear.

History

Spoon front brake operated by handlebar lever and connecting rod on an 1899 Royal Riley Tricycle at the Heritage Motor Centre, Gaydon, England

Early motorcycles which were essentially a bicycle with a motor attached and did not have any braking system beyond cutting the power and waiting for the motorcycle to slow down enough to put a foot out. One of the first motorcycles to have any sort of braking mechanism was made by Steffey Motorcycles of Philadelphia in 1902.[2] This used a spoon brake operating on the front wheel only.[3] Around 1909 band brakes were introduced, these used a band contracting round the outside of a drum.[4]: 16 

Douglas motorcycles were available with Research Association disc brakes front and rear on their 1923 RA model, sometimes called TT model, with Freddie Dixon's 1923 sidecar TT-winning machine of that type also having a passenger-operated disc brake for the sidecar wheel.[5][6]

Drum brakes were first used on motorcycles in the 1920s and the basic design has not changed much. Originally used for braking both the front and rear wheels, drum brakes have largely been superseded by disc brakes or are used for rear-braking only.[4]: 17 

The Lambretta TV125 Series 3 was the first modern[clarification needed] production motorcycle with a disc brake.[2] MV Agusta followed with their limited production 600 cc touring motorcycle announced in 1965 which had a pair of cable-actuated Campagnolo front disc brakes.[7]: 80 [8]: 80  The 1969 Honda CB750 put motorcycle disc brakes into the mass market, using a hydraulically operated single piston sliding caliper with a solid front disc.[7]: 80 

Early cast wheels were not easily compatible with drum brakes. Sintered pads offer improved heat up time and better wet weather performance. Asbestos was used in the brake pads but its use declined when the negative health impact was discovered.

In 1989 BMW released the first motorcycle to be equipped with anti-lock brakes (ABS). The system fitted to the BMW K100 LT weighed significantly more than the light weight systems fitted to modern motorcycles.[2]

The front suspension on the Yamaha GTS1000 released in 1993 was a single sided swingarm that among other characteristics aimed to reduce diving under braking. The design only allowed for a single front disc brake so a comparatively large 330 mm disc was mated to a six-piston caliper, a world first on a production bike.[9]: 28 

The traditional axial caliper mount began to be unreliable when slick tires were introduced, so motorcycles began adopting radially mounted calipers from Formula One car racing.[10]

Drum brakes

Main article: Drum brake
Grimeca ventilated drum brake on a Honda RCB endurance race bike
Honda RCB with a front ventilated drum brake from Italian accessories manufacturer Grimeca

Drum brakes have a self servo effect.[11] The most common design is a leading-trailing design. More exotic design had four, eight or sixteen shoes.[4] Some motorcycles used finned and/or vented housings for additional cooling, the first of which was AJS.[2]

Disc brakes

Main article: Disc brake
Yamaha GTS1000 front swingarm and brake assembly.

Discs

Floating discs have better disc centering with a fixed caliper. A floating disc also avoids disc warping and reduces heat transfer to the wheel hub. Lambretta were the first manufacturer to use floating discs on a volume production motorcycle.

Wavy discs place the mass closer to the axle for reduced inertia,[12] better heat dissipation and lower weight.[13] They were originally developed for Motocross bikes however they have since seen use on road going motorcycles as well.[2]

Sliding versus fixed

Gold reverse Comstar front wheel from a Honda CB400NC with twin piston brake caliper
Sliding twin piston caliper on a Honda CB400NC, axial mount

Single action calipers have brake pistons that operate on one side only. This type has a floating pin design which allows the piston side of the caliper to push onto the disc surface and pull the other side into contact as well.[11]: 100  Dual action, or opposed calipers, are fixed into position to reduce flex. Dual action have opposed pistons either side of the disc to greatly improve the piston area.

Multi piston calipers

Larger rotors can be used to increase braking force, but this also increases weight and inertia. To overcome this brake manufacturers developed calipers four, six and even eight pistons.[14] Increasing the number of pistons increases the swept piston area, allowing for longer, narrower brake pads and smaller discs.

Caliper mounting

Kawasaki KH400 front wheel
Front fork leg mounted brake caliper, also called axially mounted

Early disc brake calipers were in front of the fork leg on top of the disc. This placed the caliper in an area of high air flow for better heat removal. Calipers on most modern motorcycles are mounted to the rear of the fork leg. This reduces the angular momentum of the fork assembly and improves low speed handling.[15]

Radial mounted calipers

A radial brake caliper is mounted parallel to the forward direction on the braking system, making them more rigid than the traditional axial mount, and not prone to torsional flexing.[16] The lack of slight lateral movement allows more precise braking and crisper feeling brakes.[17][18] Radial calipers can make modifying an existing disc brake with larger rotors simpler because the entire mounting bracket does not need to be replaced, needing only a spacer between the bracket and the caliper.[17]

Inboard brakes

Honda tried[when?] an inboard brake design on a few models such as the VF400F and CBX550F, but reverted[when?] to the standard layout. The intent was to improve wet weather performance and have a cleaner appearance. The front brake assembly with vented discs was enclosed in a vented aluminium hub and the caliper was mounted onto the hub and gripped the disc from the outside. This kept the brake assembly dry and allowed the use of cast iron ventilated discs because the shrouding covered any unsightly surface rust on the disc.[19] The system would prove to be short lived with all successive models reverting to the standard uncovered layout thereafter.

Caliper construction

Yamaha FJR1300 "blue dot" axial mount caliper, used on many Yamaha models

Traditionally opposing piston brake calipers are made in two halves which are then bolted together. The advantages of this method are ease and the speed of which the pieces can be made. The disadvantage is that they are less resistant to flex under load.[20] Monobloc calipers machined from a single piece of metal are stronger, but much more expensive to make so some manufacturers such as Sumitomo cast the caliper body as one piece and then machine the piston bores externally with the holes created plugged after assembly. This type of caliper design has been used extensively by Yamaha on a wide range of models from its flagship Yamaha YZF-R1 to the more budget Yamaha FZS600 Fazer. Monobloc Brembo first used on the Ducati 1098.[21]

Perimeter brakes

Buell Motorcycle Company adopted a rim-mounted disc brake that was said to reduce unsprung weight in the wheel-brake system, allowing lighter wheel spokes.[disputed – discuss][22] This style is generically termed a "perimeter brake" for its point of attachment to the wheel, and had been used in smaller numbers by other manufacturers before Buell. They can rarely be found on custom motorcycle wire-spoked wheels.[23][24]

Carbon carbon disc brakes

Carbon disc, radial caliper front brakes on the 2011 Suzuki MotoGP racing motorcycle

Carbon brakes are used in Moto GP. The friction between the carbon discs and carbon pads produces vast amounts of braking force; far greater braking force than conventional steel discs. They operate at very high operating temperatures, typically between 400 and 1000 °C.[citation needed] Continuous late braking can overheat carbon carbon brakes as they oxidize and wear out faster. The high temperatures needed for carbon carbon brakes to be effective means that they cannot be used in the wet. For wet races the riders have to switch a conventional steel brake set-up.[25] Aluminium lithium alloy, banned for 2015 season[26]

Combined brake systems

Main article: Combined braking system

Anti-lock braking system

Main article: Anti-lock braking system for motorcycles

Alternative new systems

Drag-racing motorcycles can reach speeds up to 256 mph (412 km/h) over the course of the 1⁄4 mile (400 m) race[27] and can use disc brakes in conjunction with parachutes to slow them after the timed run.[28] The Streamliner class of motorcycle land speed record machines are mandated to have parachutes fitted if the motorcycle is capable of exceeding 250 miles per hour (400 km/h).[29]: 38 

Electric motorcycles can use regenerative braking to both slow the motorcycle down and recharge the batteries at the same.

KTM secretly raced a machine with a KERS style regenerative braking system during the 2008 Valenican 125 cc Grand Prix. Although deemed in contravention of the rules, the use of a KERS system preceded its use in Formula 1.[30]

References

  1. ^ Basem Wasef. "Common Questions: How to Brake on a Motorcycle". Retrieved 2015-06-09.
  2. ^ a b c d e Tim Watson (8 December 2003). "Motorcycle History: Brakes". Ride Apart. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  3. ^ John Glimmerveen. "Classic motorcycles: Motorcycle wheels". about.com. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
  4. ^ a b c Margie Siegal (August 1995). "Brake Tech: The ABC's of Stopping". American Motorcyclist. American Motorcyclist Assoc. ISSN 0277-9358.
  5. ^ Wilson, Hugo. (1993) The Ultimate Motor-Cycle Book p.51 Douglas and banking sidecar. Dorling Kindersley ISBN 0751300438 Accessed and added 2015-11-25
  6. ^ More vintage racing Douglas Vintagent, 30 January 2007, Retrieved 2015-11-25
  7. ^ a b Frank, Aaron (2003). Honda Motorcycles. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 80. ISBN 0-7603-1077-7.
  8. ^ Ian Falloon (15 Oct 2011). The Book of the Classic MV Agusta Fours. Veloce Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1845842031.
  9. ^ "Top Gear: Merry Motorcycling". American Motorcyclist. American Motorcyclist Assoc. December 1992. ISSN 0277-9358.
  10. ^ "ASK KEVIN: What's the Advantage of Radial-Mount Calipers?". Cycle World. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
  11. ^ a b John Robinson (14 Mar 1994). Motorcycle Tuning: Chassis. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0750618403. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
  12. ^ Bob Gray (30 January 2013). "Knowledge for Dummies: Disc Brakes". Bike Sports News. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  13. ^ Basem Wasef (31 August 2012). "Car Brakes Get Wavy". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  14. ^ Ken Hutchinson (10 September 2007). "2008 Buell 1125R First Ride". Motorcycle USA.com.
  15. ^ "Cycle World Road Test". Cycle World. March 1976. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  16. ^ Jeff Gehrs (9 October 2002). "Radial-Mount Calipers: What's all the hubbub, Bub?". Motorcycle.com.
  17. ^ a b "What are radial brakes and why do modern sportbikes have them?". RevZilla. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
  18. ^ Tibu, Florin (2014-07-25). "Radial Brakes Explained". autoevolution. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
  19. ^ Shoemark, Pete (1989). Honda CBX550 572.5cc 1982 to 1986: Owners Workshop Manual. Haynes. p. 6. ISBN 0856969400.
  20. ^ "Brake Calipers Explained - Braking the Rules". Super Street Bike. 25 June 2009.
  21. ^ Mackenzie, Niall; Urry, Jon (6 May 2008). "Road Test: Ducati 999s vs. 1098s". Visordown. Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  22. ^ Wes Siler (October 13, 2010), Erik Buell Racing 1190RR-B, RideApart
  23. ^ Cyril Huze (July 15, 2010), "Perimeter Disc Rotors Installed On Spoke Wheels", Cyril Huze Post
  24. ^ Paul Crowe (2007), "Perimeter Disc Brake Rotors", The Kneeslider
  25. ^ Kevin Cameron (4 August 2012). "The Opposite of Engines". Cycle World. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
  26. ^ "whoa my donkey- octane". 9 May 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  27. ^ Jack Korpela (12 November 2007). "McBride runs record speed, ends season with a victory". Cycle Drag. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  28. ^ Jack Korpela (13 August 2012). "Spiderman rained out in Norwalk 6.01 and successful parachute test". Cycle Drag. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  29. ^ AMA Racing Land Speed Grand Championship: BUB Motorcycle Speed Trials. American Motorcyclist Association.
  30. ^ "KTM beats F1 with secret KERS debut! | MotoGP News | Feb 2009". Crash.Net. 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2010-08-14.

Read other articles:

Ich liebe dich

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber...

 

Watercolor Painting in a Rainy Day 2

Watercolor Painting in a Rainy Day 2Nama lainHangul비오는 날 수채화 2 Alih Aksara yang DisempurnakanBioneun nal suchaehwa 2McCune–ReischauerPionŭn nal such‘aehwa 2 SutradaraKwak Jae-yongProduserJeong Ji-hoonDitulis olehKwak Jae-yongPemeranLee Geung-youngOk So-riPenata musikGang In-wonSinematograferYang Yeong-gilPenyuntingKim HyeonDistributorScreenlineTanggal rilis 25 September 1993 (1993-09-25) Durasi119 menitNegaraKorea SelatanBahasaKorea Watercolor Painting in a...

 

Ain't She Sweet

1927 song written by Milton Ager and Jack Yellen This article is about the song. For the compilation album by Tony Sheridan & the Beatles, see Ain't She Sweet (album). Ain't She Sweet?Song by Gene AustinB-sideWhat Do I Care What Somebody SaidPublishedJanuary 17, 1927 (1927-01-17) by Ager, Yellen & Bornstein, Inc.[1][2]ReleasedMay 13, 1927RecordedMarch 15, 1927StudioVictor Studios, New York CityGenreJazz, Pop VocalLabelVictor 20568Composer(s)Milton AgerLy...

Template talk:Dublin Area Rapid Transit RDT

Ireland Template‑class Ireland portalThis template is within the scope of WikiProject Ireland, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Ireland on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.IrelandWikipedia:WikiProject IrelandTemplate:WikiProject IrelandIreland articlesTemplateThis template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment scale. Trains Template‑class Trains�...

 

Stephan Rosti

Stephan RostiLahir(1891-11-16)16 November 1891Italia atau Mesir[1] (tak terkonfirmasi)Meninggal22 Mei 1964(1964-05-22) (umur 72)Kairo, MesirPekerjaanPemeran, sutradaraTahun aktif1926-1964 Stephan Rosti (bahasa Arab Mesir: استفان روستى [(ʔ)esteˈfæːn ˈɾosti]) (16 November 1891 – 22 Mei 1964) adalah seorang pemeran dan sutradara asal Mesir.[1] Ia tinggal dan berkarya di Mesir. Referensi ^ a b Arab Movie Online Encyclopedia D...

 

Willem Jacob van Stockum

Dutch mathematician (1910–1944) Van Stockum, Toronto, c. 1935. Willem Jacob van Stockum (20 November 1910 – 10 June 1944) was a Dutch mathematician who made an important contribution to the early development of general relativity. Biography Van Stockum was born in Hattem in the Netherlands. His father was a mechanically talented officer in the Dutch Navy. After the family (less the father) relocated to Ireland in the late 1920s, Willem studied mathematics at Trinity College, Dublin, where...

Edward Holmes Jewitt

The Jairus' Daughter window in St Andrew's Church, Epworth, Lincolnshire Detail of the Sower and Reaper window in St Peter and St Paul's Church, Pickering Detail of the King Oswald window in Lancaster Priory Edward Holmes Jewitt (1849–1929)[1] was a Pre-Raphaelite artist working in stained glass and other media. He was one of the two chief designers, along with Carl Almquist, for the Lancaster firm of Shrigley and Hunt, producers of stained-glass windows and church-fittings. In...

 

Shot heard round the world

Phrase referring to historical incidents For other uses, see Shot heard round the world (disambiguation). Ralph Waldo Emerson, whose 1837 poem Concord Hymn included the phrase. The shot heard round the world is a phrase that refers to the opening shot of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, which sparked the American Revolutionary War and led to the creation of the United States. It originates from the opening stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson's 1837 poem Concord Hymn. The phra...

 

NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship

Collegiate volleyball tournaments The NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship refers to one of three championships in women's indoor volleyball contested by the NCAA since 1981: NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Championship NCAA Division II Women's Volleyball Championship NCAA Division III Women's Volleyball Championship From 1970 through 1980, before the NCAA governed women's collegiate athletics, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women alone conducted the women's collegiate v...

Sant'Ireneo a Centocelle

Sant'Ireneo a Centocelle St. Irenaeus at Centocelle (Inggris)S. Irenæ ad Centumcellas (Latin)AgamaAfiliasiGereja RomaDistrikLazioProvinsiRomeEcclesiastical or organizational statusGereja titulerKepemimpinanCharles Maung Bo, SDBLokasiLokasi Roma, ItaliaArsitekturTipeGereja Gereja Santo Irenaeus adalah sebuah gereja di Via dei Castani, distrik Prenestino, Roma. Sejarah Dibangun pada abad kedua puluh dan dirancang oleh Antonio Guidi, gereja tersebut adalah rumah paroki, yang didirikan pada 17 J...

 

Podujevo

City and municipality in Kosovo This article is about the city and municipality. For the Albanian ambassador, see Besiana Kadare. City and municipality in District of Pristina, KosovoPodujevo Podujeva or Podujevë,Besiana or Besianë (Albanian) Подујево (Serbian)City and municipalityView of Podujevo from above the city's park FlagEmblemPodujevoShow map of KosovoPodujevoShow map of EuropeCoordinates: 42°54′37.79″N 21°11′28.08″E / 42.9104972°N 21.191...

 

Artista

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento arte non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce sull'argomento arte è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento art...

Nine Years' War (Ireland)

1593–1603 Irish war against Tudor conquest For the war of the 1690s, see Nine Years' War. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Nine Years' War Ireland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nine Years' WarPart of the Tudor c...

 

Orlando City SC

Soccer club in Major League Soccer This article is about the Major League Soccer team. For the USL Pro team, see Orlando City SC (2010–2014). Soccer clubOrlando City SCNickname(s)The Lions[1]FoundedNovember 19, 2013; 10 years ago (2013-11-19)[a 1]StadiumInter&Co Stadium Orlando, FloridaCapacity25,500OwnerZygi, Leonard and Mark WilfHead coachÓscar ParejaLeagueMajor League Soccer2023Eastern Conference: 2nd Overall: 2nd Playoffs: Conference SemifinalsWebs...

 

Aek Bilah, Tapanuli Selatan

Aek BilahKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan Aek BilahNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenTapanuli SelatanPemerintahan • CamatHaris RitongaPopulasi (2020)[1] • Total7.395 jiwa • Kepadatan18/km2 (50/sq mi)Kode pos22758Kode Kemendagri12.03.22 Kode BPS1203161 Luas404,85 km²Desa/kelurahan12 desa Aek Bilah adalah sebuah kecamatan yang berada di Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan, provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Ibu kota kecamatan ini be...

東京日本橋タワー

「日本橋三井タワー」とは異なります。 この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字（Microsoftコードページ932（はしご高））が含まれています（詳細）。 東京日本橋タワー 中央通りを挟んだ南東側より。手前のクレーンは本ビルとは別の、南隣の再開発事業によるもの。 施設情報所在地 東京都中央区日本橋二丁目7番1号座標 北緯35度40分55秒 �...

 

Phoenix roebelenii

Species of palm Phoenix roebelenii Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Genus: Phoenix Species: P. roebelenii Binomial name Phoenix roebeleniiO'Brien Phoenix roebelenii, with common names of dwarf date palm,[1] pygmy date palm, miniature date palm or robellini palm, is a species of date palm native to southeastern Asia, from southwestern China (Yunnan Province), nort...

 

Конфедеративные Штаты Америки

Непризнанное историческое государство[1]Конфедеративные Штаты Америкиангл. Confederate States of America Флаг КША(1865) Печать КША Девиз: «Под Богом»лат. «Deo vindice» Гимн: «I Wish I Was in Dixie» —«Хотел бы я быть в Дикси» (де-факто)  Конфедеративные штаты в 1862 году  Территориальные пр...

Arrow (missile)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Arrow. Cet article est une ébauche concernant les armes. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. ArrowPrésentationType Missile surface-airGestionnaire Force aérienne et spatiale israéliennemodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Un missile Arrow 2 lors du salon international de l'aéronautique et de l'espace de Paris-Le Bourget de 2007. Le Arrow ou Hetz (héb...

 

Тирумангай

Тирумангай Род деятельности философ, поэт  Медиафайлы на Викискладе Тирумангай — последний из 12 тамильских вайшнавских святых поэтов-подвижников альваров. Тирумангай был наиболее творчески плодотворным альваром[1]. После обращения в вайшнавизм часто вступ�...