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Molidae; Temporal range: Upper Eocene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Mola mola
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Tetraodontiformes
Suborder:	Tetraodontoidei
Family:	Molidae; Bonaparte, 1832
Genera
	†Austromola; †Eomola; Masturus; Mola; Ranzania;

The Molidae comprise the family of the molas or ocean sunfishes, unusual fish whose bodies come to an end just behind the dorsal and anal fins, giving them a "half-fish" appearance. They are also the largest of the ray-finned bony fish, with the southern sunfish, Mola alexandrini, recorded at 4.6 m (15 ft) in length^[3] and 2,744 kg (6,049 lb) in weight.

The family name comes from the ocean sunfish's scientific name Mola mola, both its genus name and epithet come from the Latin word mola for "millstone" because of its circular shape.^[4]

Description

Molidae have the fewest vertebrae of any fish, with only 16 in Mola mola. They also completely lack all caudal bones, and most of their skeleton is made of cartilage. No bony plates occur in the skin, which is, however, thick and dense like cartilage and is fairly rough. They also lack swim bladders.

Molids mostly swim by using their anal and dorsal fins; the pectoral fins are probably just stabilizers. To steer, they squirt a strong jet of water out of their mouths or gills.^[5] They can also make minor adjustments in the orientation of the anal fin or the dorsal fin so as to control the amount of force it produces and the angle at which the force is produced. In this respect, they use their fins much like a bird uses its wings.^[6]

Molids are said to be able to produce sound by grinding their pharyngeal teeth, which are long and claw-like. Typical of a member of Tetraodontiformes, their teeth are fused into a beak-like structure, making it impossible for them to close their mouths. Despite this, they feed mainly on soft-bodied animals, such as jellyfish and salps, although they also take small fish or crustaceans.^[5]

Behavior

Molids have been filmed interacting with other species. Since molids are susceptible to skin parasites, they make use of cleaner fish. A molid in need of cleaning will locate a patch of floating algae or flotsam that is home to halfmoons. The molid signals a readiness for cleaning by swimming almost vertically with its head near the surface of the water, and waits for the smaller cleaner fish to feed on the parasite worms. Similarly, the molid may break the surface of the water with its dorsal fin and beak to attract the attention of a gull or similar seabird. The seabird will then dig worms and other stubborn parasites out of the molid's skin.^[6]

Fossil record

The known fossil history of Molidae extends back to the Eocene, with the genus Eomola containing the species E. bimaxillaria, known from the Upper Eocene of the North Caucasus.^[1] The fossil genus Austromola containing one species, A. angerhoferi Gregorova, Schultz, Harzhauser & Kroh, 2009, is known from the Lower Miocene Ebelsberg Formation near Pucking, Austria. This species was a resident of the Paratethys Sea and is estimated to have reached a length around 320 cm (130 in). At least one fossil species of Mola, M. pileata (van Beneden, 1881), is known from the Upper and Middle Miocene of Europe with a possible second species known from the Lower Miocene of North Carolina, United States. The genus Ranzania has five known fossil species: R. grahami Weems, 1985 and R. tenneyorum Weems, 1985, both from the Middle Miocene Calvert Formation of Virginia, USA; R. zappai Carnevale, 2007 from the Middle Miocene of Italy; R. ogaii Uyeno & Sakamoto, 1994 from the Middle Miocene of Japan; and an as yet unnamed species from the Upper Miocene of Algeria.^[7]

Species

Only five extant species in three extant genera are described:

Ocean sunfish (Mola mola)
Southern ocean sunfish (Mola alexandrini), has been recognized as a senior synonym of Mola ramsayi (Gaglioli 1889), the "bump-head sunfish"^[8]^[9]^[10]
Hoodwinker sunfish (Mola tecta)
Slender sunfish (Ranzania laevis)
Sharptail mola (Masturus lanceolatus)

Rank	Molid species	Common name	Year	Mass (kg)	Total length (m)	Clavus (pseudo-tail) appearance	Shape of head and chin
1	Mola mola	Ocean sunfish	1758	2300	3.33	Scalloped	Less bumpy and less protruding
2	Mola alexandrini	Southern sunfish	2021	2744	3.0	Rounded	Bumps on head and chin
3	Mola tecta	Hoodwinker sunfish	2017	1870	2.42	Rounded with medial indentation	No lumps and bumps on head and chin
4	Masturus lanceolatus	Sharptail mola	1840	2000	3.37	Pointed projection	Convex forehead
5	Ranzania laevis	Slender sunfish	1776	NA	1.0	Slant and flat	Pointed and bump-less

References

^ ^a ^b Tyler, James C.; Bannikov, Alexandre F. (1992). "New genus of primitive ocean sunfish with separate premaxillae from the Eocene of Southwest Russia (Molidae, Tetraodontiformes)". Copeia. 1992 (4). Copeia, Vol. 1992, No. 4: 1014–1023. doi:10.2307/1446631. JSTOR 1446631.
^ Matsuura, K. (2014): Taxonomy and systematics of tetraodontiform fish: a review focusing primarily on progress in the period from 1980 to 2014. Ichthyological Research, 62 (1): 72–113.
^ "Massive Huge Sun Fish off of Portugal 15 foot plus". YouTube. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ Scharpf, Christopher; Lazara, Kenneth J. (12 June 2023). "Family TETRADONTIFORMES" (PDF). The ETYFish Project. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b Matsuura, K. & Tyler, J.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 231. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
^ ^a ^b Fothergill, A. (director), Attenborough, D. (narrator) (2001-09-12). Blue Planet, Seas Of Life Episode 3 (Television series). BBC Worldwide, Ltd. ISBN 0-563-38498-0.
^ Ruzena, G., Schultz, O., Harzhauser, M., Kroh, A. & Ćorić, S. (2009): A Giant Early Miocene Sunfish from the North Alpine Foreland Basin (Austria) and its Implication for Molid Phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29 (2): 359–371.
^ "World's heaviest bony fish identified and correctly named". Springer.com. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ "Mola alexandrini". Fishesofaustralia.net.au. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ "Redescription of the bump-head sunfish Mola alexandrini (Ranzani 1839), senior synonym of Mola ramsayi (Giglioli 1883), with designation of a neotype for Mola mola (Linnaeus 1758) (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae)". Researchgate.net. Retrieved 1 March 2019.