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Japanese Government Railways
Ministry of Railways
鉄道省 *Tetsudō-shō*
	JNR Class C51 locomotive decorated to haul the imperial train, 1940
Overview
Headquarters	Tokyo
Locale	Japan, nationwide
Dates of operation	1871–1949
Successor	Japanese National Railways
Technical
Track gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)
Length	18,400 km (1941)

The Japanese Government Railways (JGR) was the national railway system directly operated by the Japanese Ministry of Railways (Japanese: 鉄道省, romanized: Tetsudō-shō, Japanese pronunciation: [te̞t͡sɨᵝdo̞ːɕo̞ː]) until 1949. It was a predecessor of Japanese National Railways and the later Japan Railways Group.

Name

The English name "Japanese Government Railways" was what the Ministry of Railways (established in 1920) used to call its own "Ministry Lines" (省線, shōsen) and sometimes the ministry itself as a railway operator. Other English names for the government railways include Imperial Japanese Government Railways and Imperial Government Railways, which were mainly used prior to the establishment of the ministry. This article covers the railways operated by the central government of Japan from 1872 to 1949 notwithstanding the official English name of the system of each era.

Network

By the end of World War II in 1945, the Japanese Government Railways operated on the main Japanese islands of Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and Karafuto. The railways in Taiwan and Korea were operated by the local Governor-General Offices - the Taiwan Government-General Railway and the Chosen Government Railway respectively - and were not part of JGR.

Total operating distance of JGR as of March 31 of each year^[1]^[2]
Year	mi	km
1881	76.3131	122.8140
1891	551.22	887.10
1901	822.49	1,323.67
1906-07: railway nationalization
1911	4,870.6	7,838.5
1921	6,484.7	10,436.1
1931	9,056.4	14,574.9
1941	11,433.2	18,400.0

While the JGR was the only major operator of intercity railways after the railways were nationalized in 1906–1907, privately owned regional railways were also active.

The gauge used for Japanese railways was 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) (narrow gauge) other than some minor exceptions (184.2 km (114.5 mi) total in the peak years of 1936-38^[3]^{[circular reference]}) of 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) gauge lines being used.

History

The first railway in Japan was operated by the imperial government in 1872. The idea of centralization of the railway was promoted under the idea of "breaking down of the geographical barriers that existed in the feudal communities which hindered the centralization of authority". Placing the railways under government control was for military and political ends; the government had no intention for the central railway to be operated as a "model enterprise". Early shareholders of the railway were members of the nobility, holding "the major portion of (the) capital".^[4] The governmental system was largely expanded by the promulgation of the Railway Nationalization Act in 1906. In 1920, the Ministry of Railways was established.

In 1949, JGR was reorganized to become a state-owned public corporation named the Japanese National Railways.

Timeline

June 12, 1872 - Provisional opening of Tokyo-Yokohama railway (Shinagawa Station - Yokohama Station)
October 14, 1872 - Formal opening of Tokyo-Yokohama railway (ceremony at Shimbashi and Yokohama Stations)
October 1, 1907 - Completion of nationalization of 17 private railways under 1906 Railway Nationalization Act
December 20, 1914 - Opening of Tokyo Station
November 1, 1925 - Inauguration of the Yamanote Loop Line
April 1, 1943 - Inclusion of Karafuto prefectural lines into national system
February 1, 1946 - Official exclusion of Soviet-occupied Karafuto lines from national system
June 1, 1949 - Establishment of Japanese National Railways, i.e. end of Japanese Government Railways
April 1, 1987 - Privatization of JNR, establishment of seven JR companies

Historical operators of JGR

Before the establishment of the Japanese National Railways as a public corporation on June 1, 1949, the Japanese Government Railways were operated by the governmental agencies. The table below shows the historical operators of the JGR.^[5] Translated names of ministries may not be official. Names of the operating department generally mean "department (or office, section, agency) of railways" or like.

Date of establishment	Ministry	Department	Note
1870-04-19	Civil and Finance Ministry(Japanese: 民部大蔵省, Japanese pronunciation: [Mimbu-Ōkura-shō])	鉄道係 (Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-gakari])	in charge of construction only
1870-08-06	Civil Ministry(Japanese: 民部省, Japanese pronunciation: [Minbu-shō])
1870-12-12	Ministry of Industry(Japanese: 工部省, Japanese pronunciation: [Kōbu-shō])
1871-09-28		鉄道寮 (Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-ryō])	First railway opened in 1872.
1877-01-11		鉄道局 (Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-kyoku])
1885-12-22	Cabinet(Japanese: 内閣, Japanese pronunciation: [Naikaku])	鉄道局 (Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-kyoku])
1890-09-06	Home Ministry(Japanese: 内務省, Japanese pronunciation: [Naimu-shō])	鉄道庁 (Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-chō])
1892-07-21	Ministry of Communications(Japanese: 逓信省, Japanese pronunciation: [Teishin-shō])	鉄道庁 (Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-chō])
1893-11-10		鉄道局
1897-08-18		鉄道作業局 (Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-sagyō-kyoku])	Tetsudō-kyoku survived as an administrative body for private railways till 1908.
1907-04-01		帝国鉄道庁 (Japanese pronunciation: [Teikoku-Tetsudō-chō])
1908-12-05	Cabinet	鉄道院 (Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-in])	Government Railways were commonly called In-sen(Japanese: 院線).
1920-05-15	Ministry of Railways(Japanese: 鉄道省, Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-shō])		Government Railways were commonly called Shō-sen(Japanese: 省線).
1943-11-01	Ministry of Transport and Communications(Japanese: 運輸通信省, Japanese pronunciation: [Un'yu-Tsūshin-shō])	鉄道総局 (Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-sōkyoku])
1945-05-19	Ministry of Transport(Japanese: 運輸省, Japanese pronunciation: [Un'yu-shō])	鉄道総局 (Japanese pronunciation: [Tetsudō-sōkyoku])

Fare system

Since opening in 1872, the railway set fares for passengers in three classes. The transportation of freight was charged based on weight and class of goods. In 1872, passengers could choose from Upper, Middle and Lower classes, which were later renamed as First, Second and Third classes. Freight was shipped using one of five rates based on 100 kin of product.^[6]

A 1923 review of the shipping tariffs further explained that goods are divided into three shipping classes (according to the ways in which they are to be handled by the railway): koguchi atsukai (goods in small lots), kashikini atsukai (goods for a reserved freight car) and tokushu atsukai (goods requiring special treatment). It was also possible to ship them via futsubin (regularly-scheduled trains) and kyukobin (express trains). "It may, therefore, be fairly said that the freight rates of the State-owned railways in Japan are of absolute uniformity." As Japan is an island nation, it was noted that ocean-going vessels are a major source of competition for the freight business of the railway.^[7]

Technical details

The railway invested heavily in methods to reduce coal consumption in steam locomotives; between 1920 and 1936, coal consumption per kilometer traveled was reduced by about a quarter.^[8]

The government mandated the use of automatic couplers on all cars on the system in July 1925. The system was transitioning from vacuum brakes to air brakes at this time, with most freight cars equipped with air brakes by April 1927.^[9]

Tourism promotion

One of the roles of the Japanese Government Railways was to attract foreign tourists to Japan. In 1930, the government created the Board of Tourist Industry (国際観光局, Kokusai Kankō Kyoku) as a section of the Japanese Government Railways (Ministry of Railways). The Board printed and distributed picture posters and English guidebooks overseas and encouraged development of resort hotels at home.^[10] The Board was dissolved in 1942, following the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941.

Notable people

Inoue Masaru – Head of the government railways between 1871 and 1893
Hirai Seijirō – Head of the government railways between 1904 and 1908
Gotō Shinpei – Head of the government railways between 1908 and 1911
Takejirō Tokonami – Head of government railways in 1920s and early 1930s
Eisaku Satō (Prime Minister of Japan in 1960s) – served as a railway official between 1924 and 1948
Hideo Shima – Chief Engineer of Shinkansen Project

Notes

^ Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998). 停車場変遷大事典国鉄・JR編 [Station Transition Directory – JNR/JR] (in Japanese). Vol. I. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. pp. 256–285. ISBN 4-533-02980-9.
^ recorded in miles until 1930, when JGR adopted the metric system
^ ja:国鉄の特殊狭軌線 (Japanese Wikipedia), retrieved on 2009-04-06
^ Horie, Yasuzo (1939). "Government Industries in the Early Years of the Meiji Era". The Kyoto University Economic Review. 14 (1): 67–87. doi:10.11179/ker1926.14.67. hdl:2433/125296. ISSN 1884-5355. JSTOR 43217448. S2CID 150789911.
^ Ishino, supra, p. 42, vol. I
^ Sawa, S (1956). "Freight Classification Index of Japan National Railway" (PDF). The Kyoto University Economic Review. 26 (1): 43–52. doi:10.11179/ker1926.26.43. hdl:2433/125422. ISSN 1884-5355. JSTOR 43217039.
^ Kojima, S (1928). "Characteristics of Tariff Freight Rates in the Shipping Business". The Kyoto University Economic Review. 3 (1): 100–126. doi:10.11179/ker1926.3.100. hdl:2433/125169. ISSN 1884-5355. JSTOR 43216692.
^ Hata, Hiroshi (2019). "Trends in Energy-saving Technology for Multiple Units from the Viewpoint of the Energy Consumption Rates of Railway Companies in Japan". Quarterly Report of RTRI. 60 (2): 77–80. doi:10.2219/rtriqr.60.2_77. ISSN 0033-9008.
^ KAWAMURA, M. (1927). "空氣制動機に就て名古屋鐵道局技師川村案 [五月二十五日電氣學會東海支部に於ける講演] (On the air brake)". The Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (in Japanese and English). 47 (471): 1027–1040. doi:10.11526/ieejjournal1888.47.1027. ISSN 0020-2878.
^ Nakagawa, Koichi (March 1998). "Prewar Tourism Promotion by Japanese Government Railways" (PDF). Japan Railway and Transport Review (15): 25–27. ISSN 1342-7512. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-08. Retrieved 2007-11-14.