Military parades are usually held on quinquennial or decennial anniversaries (every 5 or 10 years) and/or jubilee years (ex: 25th anniversary, 40th anniversary, 50th anniversary, 60th anniversary, 70th anniversary).[1][2][3]
Many parade participants are awarded with special decorative medals as well as certain arrangements at their barracks.[4]
The first parade of Korean People's Army took place on Military Foundation Day in 1948.[5] It took place at Pyongyang Station in the presence of Soviet generals from the 25th Army and Soviet Civil Administration. It included the participation of about 20,000 North Korean soldiers who stood at attention during the first part of the parade in which PremierKim Il Sung presided as commander in chief.
In 1992, the KPRA's diamond jubilee parade was held.[8] It saw the participation of over 20,000 active troops and 1,200 pieces of weaponry, as well veterans of all wars in which the DPRK was a participant.[9] During the parade, KPA Supreme CommanderKim Jong Il made his first public speech during a military parade for the KPA's 60th anniversary and said:[10] "Glory to the officers and soldiers of the heroic Korean People's Army!",[11][5] which was followed by a loud applause by the crowd on the square. It was the last parade to include the Soviet-style goose step. Newly promoted Marshal O Jin-u made the keynote address and the parade was commanded by also newly promoted Vice Marshal Kim Kwang-jin.
2007
The parade celebrated the 75th anniversary of the KPRA.[12] General Kim Kyok-sik, the then defence chief of the DPRK, gave the keynote address.[13] The broadcast was delayed by three hours, with speculation by experts that this was due to Kim Jong Il's absence.[14]
2013
The parade celebrated the 81st anniversary of the KPRA.[15][16] It was one of the only times a parade was held on a non-jubilee year; the parade that was planned for the previous year was cancelled due to the preparations for the parade on the 100th anniversary of Kim Il Sung that was held ten days prior to the planned parade.[17] It was the first to be held on the forecourt of the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun. Military hardware was not displayed during the parade.[18] Speeches were delivered by commanders of the different branches of the KPA, during which they spoke of the military readiness of their branches.[19]
2018
In 2018, the platinum jubilee anniversary of the founding of the KPA in its current form took place on 8 February that year.[20] It was speculated that this parade, which was the first since the holiday was changed back to 8 February,[21] was held deliberately to coincide with the 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Pyeongchang County, South Korea, during which North Korean and South Korean athletes marched together in the parade of nations.[22] The parade included 13,000 soldiers of the KPA.[23]
2022
The 90th anniversary of the Korean People's Revolutionary Army [ko] was marked with a nighttime military parade on April 25.[24] It marked a memorable first appearance for agents and employees of the Ministry of State Security and the women's traffic police officers of the Korean People's Internal Security Forces.
For the first time, corps and force battalions had their division and regimental/wing colours carried on parade. The military's honour guard troops performed the silent drill and it was shown on the broadcast with more screen time for the first time.
Tracker Dog Search Party of the Ministry of Social Security
Special Mobile Corps of the Ministry of Social Security
2023
The parade celebrated the 75th anniversary of the KPA. Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un, who presided over the celebration parade, did not make an address. It would be the first time a new ceremonial colour of the KPA would be presented in public, as well as the brand new colour designs for its service branches and component units. A bigger historical column formed part of the year's festivities, including a small mobile column of equipment used in the late 1940s. As the parade was held in February, which is winter in the country, all of the troops wore winter gear.
The parade celebrated the 40th anniversary of the republic.[28] A Polish film named Defilada (The Parade) was published in 1989 by Andrzej Fidyk, who was sent by the government of the Polish People's Republic to create a documentary on the parade as well as the larger 40th anniversary celebrations.[29] Chinese President Yang Shangkun as well as Bulgarian Premier Georgi Atanasov were in attendance.[30][31]
1998
It celebrated the golden jubilee of the DPRK's establishment.[32][33] The massed bands included a tri-service element which included military bands from all the branches.[34][35]
2003
It celebrated the 55th anniversary of independence.[34][12] It was the largest parade seen in the country in over a decade.[36] Contrary to what was speculated, the hour and a half parade did not feature any new missiles.[37] Only medium range missiles were displayed in the hardware section.[38] The parade was the last appearance of Pak Song-chol, Premier of North Korea from 1976 to 1977.[39]
2008
It celebrated the diamond jubilee of the foundation of the republic.[40][34][12] It was noted for the absence of General Secretary Kim Jong-Il, which caused speculation on his state of health.[41] Many intelligence agencies in the United States believed Kim might be "gravely ill" after suffering from a stroke, which caused his absence from the parade.[42] Only the Worker-Peasant Red Guards took part, providing personnel and equipment for the march past and the mobile column.
2011
It celebrated the 63rd anniversary of independence. It marked one of the last appearances by Kim Jong Il and his successor Kim Jong Un together.[43] The parade followed the former's return from a state visit to Russia.[44] Just like in 2008, the Worker-Peasant Red Guards made up the majority of the parading units.
2013
The parade marked the 65th anniversary of the establishment of the republic.[34][45][46][47]
In 2021, a civilian, internal and paramilitary forces parade took place on the midnight leading up to 9 September.[55] This parade did not feature the Korean People's Army Ground Force and no associated heavy weaponry; it instead featured the Worker-Peasant Red Guards of various provinces and the Ministry of Public Security. Other units featured were the firefighters of Pyongyang, Air Koryo, Ministry of Railways, Kim Chaek Iron and Steel Complex, Huichon Ryonha Machine Factory, Hungnam Fertilizer Complex, Rakwon General Machine Enterprise, Chollima Steel Complex, Ryongsong Machine Complex, Sunchon Area Youth Coal Mining Complex, Pyongyang Kim Jong Suk Textile Mill, Ministry of Public Health, State Academy of Sciences, people involved in culture, Kim Il Sung University, Kim Chaek University of Technology and the Young Red Guards. Parachutists carrying the national flag landed in Kim Il-sung Square and various aircraft overflew the square, shooting flares.[56] The WPKPAD Director Ri Il-hwan made a speech at the parade.[57]
2023
North Korea's Leader Kim Jong Un presided over a meeting on August 10, 2023 which the Central Military Commission of the WPK discussed preparations for the upcoming Military Parade marking the 75th (Diamond Jubilee) Anniversary of the Founding of the Republic in Pyongyang. It was expected that the parade would be more focusing on the country's militia forces, mostly the Worker-Peasant Red Guards. The parade was held as scheduled.
After the death of Kim Il Sung in 1994, every march past at large-scale North Korean military parades from 1997 to 2018 would be led by a black limousine carrying a red flag with Kim Il Sung's portrait.
Celebrated the 50th golden jubilee anniversary of the WPK.[59][60] The parade was the first of its kind held in the country. It was the first parade presided by Kim Jong Il as leader of the country.[61] Defence minister Choe Kwang delivered the keynote address at the ceremony.[62]
2000
Celebrated the 55th anniversary of the WPK.
2005
It celebrated the 60th anniversary of the WPK.[63][64]
2010
Celebrated the 65th anniversary of the WPK. It was the first time Kim Jong Il's successor Kim Jong Un had appeared at a military parade.[65] This appearance came two weeks after Kim was made Kim Jong Un was made a daejang (four-star general) and was appointed Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea.[66][67] This was seen as a sign of Kim's future as the next leader of the country. This was the first parade to allow full international press access, an unprecedented decision.[68] Chief of the General Staff Ri Yong-ho gave the keynote speech.[69] It displayed new surface-to-air missiles that resembled the S-300 and the HQ-9.[70] The central chant of the parade was: "Kim Jong Il! Protect him to the death! Kim Jong Il, let's unite to support him!"[71] It was the last time the Mercedes-Benz 600 was used in a military parade.[72]
2015
The parade marked the 70th anniversary of the WPK.[73] It was delayed for several hours due to thunderstorms that took place the night before.[74] The parade did not feature any new weapons such as UAVs or ballistic missiles.[75] Chinese First Secretary of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist PartyLiu Yunshan was in attendance.[76] It also preceded the announcement of the 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea. Among the parade formations was the Paektusan Hero Youth Shock Brigade, which came to Pyongyang at the personal request of Kim Jong Un.[77]
2020
The 2020 parade marked the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the WPK.[78] The parade was held in spite of the COVID-19 pandemic, with many foreign observers noticing the lack of facemasks in the parade and in the audience stands.[79] The Kim Jong-un National Defense University participated in the parade for the first time. The school dean was put in charge of the school's preparation for the parade and a former soldier with "relevant experience" served as flag bearer for the KJU University colour.[80] Renovations to the viewing platform om Kim Il Sung Square were made for the parade, with a new marble viewing platform replacing the previous one used for parades.[81][82] Also, it was the first to be held at midnight, and saw the return of the Soviet style goose-step as the official parade step of all KPA formations. Additionally, Chinese military influences were also observed, such as the style of flag raising and turning of heads during parade inspection. Formations of military academy officers were dressed in a new redesigned full dress uniform that bore similarities to the Russian military uniform that was introduced in 2017. Generals, marshals and admirals wore new double-breasted dress uniforms based on those worn by Zhukov, Rokossovsky and other World War II Soviet marshals, generals and admirals at the Moscow Victory Parade of 1945. In addition new uniforms debuted which featured digital camouflage, replacing the classic combat uniforms that were used for many years.[83] The massed military bands performed an exhibition drill routine, shaping the numbers "10.10", "1945", and "2020" during the prelude to the parade.[84] In the mobile column, the most notable addition to the parade were four liquid-fueled ICBMs, unveiled for the first time since 2018.[85] This parade also introduced a new main battle tank that had not previously been seen, the unofficially named M2020.[citation needed]
The 1949 Liberation day parade was the first parade held since the DPRK's establishment.[86] Held at Pyongyang Station, it celebrated the 4th liberation anniversary. A parade was held again in 1953 after the end of the Korean War,[87] and then conducted every year until 1960. The 1960 parade celebrated the 15th anniversary of liberation.[88] It was the last parade to be held until 1985.[8][89][90]
This parade celebrated the ruby jubilee of the Korean armistice.[95][96] It was the first one of its kind held in its honor and the only one held for 20 years.[97]
Deputy Chairman of the Russian Society of Veterans of the Korean War Janus Kanov[104]
Politburo member U Tong-chuk appeared at the parade after a 17-month absence.[105]Choe Ryong-hae, the director of the KPA General Political Bureau delivered the keynote address, saying that "a peaceful environment is important for the country that gives priority to economic construction and improvement of the lives of our people".[106] American-made MD Helicopters MD 500 were unveiled during the parade.
2023
Prior to the anniversary day, analysis suggested that North Korea would hold a military parade to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the armistice by satellite imagery observation of the country's military, where they were seen doing practice and rehearsal for the upcoming parade.[107]
The parade was held on the night of the anniversary day where delegates from Russia and China was invited to the parade. This is the first time North Korea invited foreign delegates to the country's military parade since the COVID-19 pandemic. The parade displayed the country's latest defence arsenal such as airborne and underwater drones.[108] Once more Kim Jong-un did not make the keynote address that night, instead Kang Sun-nam was delegated to give the address to the nation.
Mechanized Contingent Column consisting Seoul Occupation Unit (조국해방전쟁시기 서울점령부대), Guards Anti-air Artillery Regiments (근위고사포병련대들) and Heavy Machinegun Carriages (중기마차종대)
Honor Guards and Corps-level Units
Honorary Cavalrymen Column (명예기병종대)
Security Office of the WPK Central Committee Column (당중앙위원회 호위처종대)
Guard Department of the State Affairs Commission Column (국무위원회 경위국종대)
A smaller scale military parade was held at the plaza of Pyongyang Indoor Stadium. The participating columns were mostly historical columns from the war.[111]
After the death of Kim Jong Il in 2011, every march past at North Korean military parades from 2012 to 2018 would have a black limousine carrying a red flag with Kim Jong Il's portrait following behind a black limousine carrying a red flag with his father Kim Il Sung's portrait.
2012 marked the 70th anniversary of the birth of Kim Jong Il.[112][113] It was the first one of its nature held as the holiday was only elevated to the status of a national holiday following the death and state funeral of Kim Jong-il. It was the first parade during which Kim Jong Un attended in the position of Supreme Leader of North Korea, and was held at the forecourt of the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun.
April 2012
2012 marked the centenary of the birth of Kim Il Sung. On the Day of the Sun that year, current leaderKim Jong Un gave his first public speech.[114][115][116] The KPA introduced the new KN-08 missile was in a parade. It also presented its UAVs for the first time during this parade.[117]BBC reporter John Sudworth described the parade as one where "he could feel the ground shake as soldiers and rockets passed by".[118] Markus Schiller, a weapons analyst, expressed his surprise with an ICBM's appearance, noting that most technology seen before were "one quarter of the size".[119] Kim Jong Un's 20-minute address was his first speech since assuming the leadership.[120] Officially published under the title of, Let Us March Forward Dynamically Towards Final Victory, Holding Higher the Banner of Songun, it was the basis of for the writing of the song, Onwards Toward the Final Victory.[121][122]
A special parade was held outside of Pyongyang for the first time on 6 June 1972 in the northeastern border city of Hyesan, Ryanggang Province. It commemorated the 35th anniversary of the Battle of Pochonbo, during which the Korean People's Revolutionary Army [ko], backed by the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, defeated a Japanese detachment based in Pochon County. The parade was attended by President Kim Il Sung and was officiated by the party secretary for the province. Yi Yong-mu, a member of the Central Committee and later Director General of the General Political Bureau delivered a speech at the parade on Hyesan Square.[129]
A parade was held after the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea on 16 January 2021.[133] It began at around six in the evening lasting over 2 hours.[134] General Kim Jong-gwan was the keynote speaker at the parade, with Marshal Ri Pyong-chol (the Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea) serving as parade inspector. The headliner of the parade was a new submarine-launched ballistic missile known as the Pukguksong-5ㅅ, which KCNA declared was the "world's most powerful weapon."[135][136] However, no ICBMs were displayed.[137] The column of planes depicted number "8" with fireworks in the sky.[138]
The following day, the Joint Chiefs of Staff of South Korea detected signs of the parade in central Pyongyang, which resulted in a statement by Kim Yo-jong condemning South Korea, describing it as "weird" for the South Koreans made a "senseless statement that they captured the north opening a military parade at midnight on Jan. 10".[140][141][142] A couple of days later, another government statement was released criticizing the statement by Japanese Defence Minister Nobuo Kishi, who said that Japan is analyzing information linked to weapons unveiled at the parade.[143] On 17 January, General Secretary Kim Jong Un had a photo session with the participants in the military parade.[144]
^See "Puk chuyo’gi’nyŏm’il 5–10 nyŏnmada taegyumo yŏlpyŏngsik" (North Korea Holds Large Military Parades for Anniversaries Every 5–10 years), Chosŏn Ilbo, 25 April 2007; Chang Jun-ik, "Pukhan Inmingundaesa" (History of the North Korean Military), Seoul, Sŏmundang, 1991, pp. 19–88; Kim Kwang-su, "Chosŏninmingun’ŭi ch’angsŏlgwa palchŏn, 1945~1990" (Foundation and Development of the Korean People's Army, 1945~1990), Chapter Two in Kyŏngnam University North Korean Studies Graduate School, Pukhan’gunsamunje’ŭi chaejomyŏng (The Military of North Korea: A New Look), Seoul, Hanul Academy, 2006, pp. 63–78.
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