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Mikhail Lazarev
Mikhail Lazarev
	1840s painting of Mikhail Lazarev
Born	14 November 1788; Vladimir, Russian Empire
Died	23 April 1851 (aged 62); Vienna, Austrian Empire
Service / branch	Imperial Russian Navy
Rank	Rear admiral
Battles / wars	Russo-Swedish War (1808–1809); Napoleonic Wars Patriotic War of 1812; ; Greek War of Independence Battle of Navarino; ;

Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (Russian: Михаил Петрович Лазарев; 14 November [O.S. 3 November] 1788 – 23 April [O.S. 11 April] 1851^[1]) was a Russian fleet commander and an explorer.

Education and early career

Lazarev was born in Vladimir city, a scion of the old Russian nobility from the Vladimir province.^[2] In 1800, he enrolled in Russia's Naval College. Three years later he was sent to the British Royal Navy, where he would stay for a continuous five-year navigation. From 1808 to 1813, Lazarev served in the Baltic Fleet. He took part in the Russo-Swedish War of 1808–1809 and Patriotic War of 1812.

Career as an explorer

Lazarev first circumnavigated the globe in 1813–1816, aboard the vessel Suvorov; the expedition began at Kronstadt and reached Alaska. During this voyage, Lazarev discovered the Suvorov Atoll.

As a commander of the ship Mirny and Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen's deputy on his world cruise in 1819–1821 (Bellingshausen commanded Vostok), Lazarev took part in the discovery of Antarctica and numerous islands. On 28 January 1820 the expedition discovered the Antarctic mainland, approaching the Antarctic coast at the coordinates 69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W / 69.35778°S 2.24722°W / -69.35778; -2.24722 and seeing ice-fields there.

In 1822–1825, Lazarev circumnavigated the globe for the third time on his frigate Kreyser, conducting broad research in the fields of meteorology and ethnography.

Wartime commands

In 1826, Lazarev became commander of the ship Azov, which would sail to the Mediterranean Sea as the flagship of the First Mediterranean Squadron under command of Admiral Login Petrovich Geiden and participated in the Battle of Navarino in 1827. Lazarev received the rank of rear admiral for his excellence during the battle.

In 1828–1829, he was in charge of the Dardanelles blockade. In 1830, Lazarev returned to Kronstadt and became a commander of naval units of the Baltic Fleet. Two years later, he was made Chief of Staff of the Black Sea Fleet. In February–June 1833, Lazarev led a Russian squadron to the Bosporus and signed the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi with the Ottoman Empire. In 1833, Lazarev was appointed Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, the Black Sea ports, and also military governor of Sevastopol and Nikolayev.

Influence and legacy

Admiral Lazarev exercised great influence both in technical matters and as a mentor to younger officers. He advocated the building of a steam-powered fleet, but Russia's technical and economic backwardness hindered his plans. He tutored a number of Russian fleet commanders, including Pavel Nakhimov (1802-1855), Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov (1806-1854), Vladimir Istomin (1810-1855), and Grigory Butakov (1820-1882).

An atoll in the Pacific Ocean, capes in the Amur Liman and on the Unimak Island, a former island in the Aral Sea, a bay^{[citation needed]} and a port in the Sea of Japan, bay and sea in the South Ocean, a settlement near Sochi and other locations bear Lazarev's name.

Russian and Soviet navies had ships named after the admiral:

Admiral Lazarev, a monitor of the Imperial Russian Navy built in 1867 and lead ship of her class
A light cruiser ordered for the Imperial Russian Navy in 1914, completed and renamed Krasnyi Kavkaz after the Russian Revolution of 1917
Admiral Lazarev, a Sverdlov-class cruiser built in the early 1950s
The Kirov-class battlecruiser Frunze, renamed Admiral Lazarev after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union

Lazarev is buried with his disciples Nakhimov, Kornilov and Istomin in the Admirals' Burial Vault in Sevastopol.^[3] A minor planet 3660 Lazarev, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978, is named after him.^[4]

Honours and awards

Order of St. George, IV class
Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
Order of White Eagle
Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom)^[5]
Military Order of St. Louis (France)

References and notes

^ Yastremsky 2023.
^ V.V. Rummel, V.V. Golubtsov, Rodoslovnyi sbornik russkikh dvorianskikh familii, vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1886, p. 504. The Russian noble family Lazarevs shall not be confused with the Armenian family Lazariants who russified their surname from Lazariants into Lazarevs.
^ Melvin, Mungo (2017). Sevastopol's Wars: Crimea from Potemkin to Putin. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 117. ISBN 9781472822277.
^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 308. ISBN 3-540-00238-3.
^ "The Most Honourable Order of the Bath". Tallinn Museum. 4 April 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.