Micromastia

For other uses, see Micromastia (fungus).
Micromastia
Some societies idealize underdeveloped breasts, such as early-twentieth-century France. In this 1900 French cartoon, two small-breasted women criticize a large-breasted woman for not conforming to this fashion.
SpecialtyMedical genetics Edit this on Wikidata

Micromastia (also called hypomastia, breast aplasia, breast hypoplasia, or mammary hypoplasia) is a medical term describing the postpubertal underdevelopment of a woman's breast tissue.[1] Just as it is impossible to define 'normal' breast size, there is no objective definition of micromastia. Breast development is commonly asymmetric and one or both breasts may be small. This condition may be a congenital defect associated with underlying abnormalities of the pectoral muscle (as in Poland's syndrome[2]), related to trauma (typically surgery or radiotherapy) or it may be a more subjective aesthetic description.

Self-perceived micromastia involves a discrepancy between a person's body image, and their internalized images of appropriate or desirable breast size and shape. Societal ideals over breast size vary over time, but there exist many conceived ideas involving breasts and sexual attractiveness and identity across different cultures.

Causes

Micromastia can be a congenital or acquired disorder and may be unilateral or bilateral.[3] Congenital causes include ulnar–mammary syndrome (caused by mutations in the TBX3 gene), Poland syndrome, Turner syndrome, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.[3] There is also a case report of familial hypoplasia of the nipples and athelia associated with mammary hypoplasia that was described in a father and his daughters.[3] Acquired causes of micromastia include irradiation in infancy and childhood and surgical removal of prepubertal breast bud.[3]

Treatment

The procedure to remedy micromastia is breast enlargement, most commonly augmentation mammoplasty using breast implants. Other techniques available involve using muscle flap-based reconstructive surgery techniques (latissimus dorsi and rectus abdominis muscles), microsurgical reconstruction, or fat grafting.

Another potential treatment is hormonal breast enhancement, such as with estrogens.[4][5][6]

See also

References

  1. ^ eMedicine - Breast Augmentation, Subglandular : Article by Howard T Bellin.
  2. ^ Poland, Alfred (1841). "Deficiency of the pectoral muscles". Guy's Hospital Reports. VI: 191–193.
  3. ^ a b c d Syed A. Hoda; Edi Brogi; Fred Koerner; Paul Peter Rosen (5 February 2014). Rosen's Breast Pathology. Wolters Kluwer Health. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-1-4698-7070-0.
  4. ^ Gunther Göretzlehner; Christian Lauritzen; Thomas Römer; Winfried Rossmanith (1 January 2012). Praktische Hormontherapie in der Gynäkologie. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 385–. ISBN 978-3-11-024568-4.
  5. ^ R.E. Mansel; Oystein Fodstad; Wen G. Jiang (14 June 2007). Metastasis of Breast Cancer. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 217–. ISBN 978-1-4020-5866-0.
  6. ^ Hartmann BW, Laml T, Kirchengast S, Albrecht AE, Huber JC (1998). "Hormonal breast augmentation: prognostic relevance of insulin-like growth factor-I". Gynecol. Endocrinol. 12 (2): 123–7. doi:10.3109/09513599809024960. PMID 9610425.

Read other articles:

White Gold (TV series)

2017 British sitcom White GoldGenreSitcomCreated byDamon BeesleyWritten byDamon BeesleyJoe ThomasChris NielDirected byDamon BeesleyStarringEd WestwickJames BuckleyJoe Thomas Rachel ShentonCountry of originUnited KingdomNo. of series2No. of episodes12ProductionProducerPhil GilbertEditorWilliam WebbProduction companyFudge Park ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkBBC TwoRelease28 May 2017 (2017-05-28) –10 April 2019 (2019-04-10) White Gold is a British sitcom featuring a group of ...

 

 

العلاقات الإماراتية البليزية

العلاقات الإماراتية البليزية الإمارات العربية المتحدة بليز   الإمارات العربية المتحدة   بليز تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الإماراتية البليزية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الإمارات العربية المتحدة وبليز.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلد...

 

 

Wacol, Queensland

Wacol redirects here. For other uses, see Wacol (disambiguation). Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaWacolBrisbane, QueenslandThe Park Centre for Mental Health, 2010WacolCoordinates27°34′59″S 152°55′14″E / 27.5830°S 152.9205°E / -27.5830; 152.9205 (Wacol (centre of suburb))Population3,761 (2...

Ozorków

Place in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandOzorkówJohn Paul II Square, former marketplace FlagCoat of armsOzorkówCoordinates: 51°58′0″N 19°17′0″E / 51.96667°N 19.28333°E / 51.96667; 19.28333Country PolandVoivodeship ŁódźCountyZgierzGminaOzorków (urban gmina)First mentioned1415Town rights1816Government • MayorJacek SochaArea • Total15.47 km2 (5.97 sq mi)Highest elevation155 m (509 ft)Lowest ...

 

 

Pestana Group

Portuguese tourism and leisure group This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Pestana Group – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Pestana Hotel GroupCompany typeHotel GroupIndustryHotel chain, tourism, hospitalityFounded1972FoundersJose Pestana and Manuel PestanaHeadquar...

 

 

Opelousas massacre

Massacre in the United States Opelousas massacrePart of ReconstructionDateSeptember 28, 1868LocationOpelousas, Louisiana30°31′37″N 92°05′10″W / 30.527°N 92.086°W / 30.527; -92.086GoalsElimination of Black Republicans in St. Landry ParishMethodsMassacre, lynching, beatingResulted inElimination of the Republican Party and all Republican votes in the 1868 presidential election from St. Landry ParishParties White supremacist Democrats, including Knights of the ...

Haystacks (Monet series)

1890–91 series of paintings by Claude Monet This article is about a series of paintings by Claude Monet. For the English hill, see Haystacks (Lake District). Wheatstacks (End of Summer)ArtistClaude MonetYear1890–91MediumOil on canvasDimensions60 cm × 100 cm (23+5⁄8 in × 39+3⁄8 in)LocationArt Institute of Chicago, Chicago Haystacks is the common English title for a series of impressionist paintings by Claude Monet. The principal subje...

 

 

1974 Houston Oilers season

NFL team season 1974 Houston Oilers seasonOwnerBud AdamsGeneral managerSid GillmanHead coachSid GillmanHome fieldHouston AstrodomeResultsRecord7–7Division place2nd AFC CentralPlayoff finishDid not qualify ← 1973 Oilers seasons 1975 → The 1974 Houston Oilers season was the 15th season overall and fifth with the National Football League. The Oilers improved upon their previous season's 1–13 record, winning seven games.[1] Despite the improvement, they fail...

 

 

Anetta Keys

Anetta KeysDati biograficiNome di nascitaAneta Šmrhová Nazionalità Rep. Ceca Dati fisiciAltezza164 cm Peso50 kg Etniacaucasica Capellicastani Seno naturalesì Misure88-59-88 Dati professionaliAltri pseudonimiAneta Keys, Anetta Keys, Aneta Brawn, Aneta Steele, Cindy Sweet, Katrin, Adriana, Alana, Anet, Anette, Denise, Sunny, JeeTee Film girati188[1] Sito ufficiale Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Anetta Keys, pseudonimo di Aneta Šmrhová (Křivoklát, 18 novem...

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會波蘭代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl（英文）（波兰文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式：帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基（游泳）和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡（自行车）[1]闭幕式：卡罗利娜·纳亚（皮划艇）&#...

 

 

Elden Rowland

American painter Elden Heart RowlandPortrait of painter Elden Rowland at his studio in Sarasota, Florida.BornCincinnati, OhioDiedFebruary 22, 1982(1982-02-22) (aged 66)Sarasota, FloridaOccupationPainterSpouseKatherine Rowland Elden Heart Rowland (May 31, 1915 – February 22, 1982) was an artist in Sarasota, Florida.[1] His wife, Katherine Rowland, wrote A Painter and His Wife: A Memoir: Elden Rowland, Painter, Katherine Rowland, Wife about their life in the arts in Sarasota, Cap...

 

 

معهد الفيلم الأمريكي 100 عام و100 فيلم

سلسلة 100 عام لمعهد الفيلم الأمريكي 100 فيلم – (1998) 100 ممثل – (1999) 100 ضحكة – (2000) 100 إثارة – (2001) 100 عاطفة – (2002) 100 بطل وشرير – (2003) 100 أغنية – (2004) 100 اقتباس سينمائي – (2005) 100 عام من نتائج الأفلام – (2005) 100 فيلم غنائي – (2006) 100 تحية – (2006) 100 فيلم (الذكرى العاشرة) – (2007) أفضل 10 أفلام من أفضل 10 �...

Villa romana di Capo Castello

Villa romana di Capo CastelloMurature sul lato nord della Villa.CiviltàRomana UtilizzoVilla romana LocalizzazioneStato Italia ComuneRio AmministrazioneVisitabileProprietà privata Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La villa romana di Capo Castello, posta sopra un promontorio all'estremità nordorientale dell'isola d'Elba nei pressi della frazione geografica di Cavo (Rio), è strutturata con ambienti digradanti verso il mare realizzati in opus reticulatum e contraddistinta da tre ...

 

 

American Pie Presents: Band Camp

2005 American sex comedy film American Pie Presents:Band CampDVD coverDirected bySteve RashWritten byBrad RiddellBased onCharactersby Adam HerzProduced byMike ElliottStarring Tad Hilgenbrinck Arielle Kebbel Jason Earles Crystle Lightning Jun Hee Lee Chris Owen Eugene Levy CinematographyVictor J. KemperEdited byDanny SaphireMusic byRobert FolkProductioncompanyRogue PicturesDistributed byUniversal Studios Home EntertainmentRelease date December 26, 2005 (2005-12-26) Running time...

 

 

Skútustaðahreppur

Skútustaðahreppur SkútustaðahreppurMunisipalitas Lambang kebesaranNegara IslandiaRegionNorðurland eystraLuas • Total6.048,01 km2 (233,515 sq mi)Populasi (2017) • Total493 • Kepadatan0,00.082/km2 (0,0.021/sq mi)LAU6607Situs webhttp://www.myv.is/ Skútustaðahreppur adalah salah satu munisipalitas di Islandia yang menjadi bagian region Norðurland eystra. Kode LAU munisipalitas ini adalah 6607. Menurut sensus 2017, jumlah pe...

Union of Liberian Democrats

Political party in Liberia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Union of Liberian Democrats – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Politics of Liberia Constitution 1847 Constitution 1986 Constitution Executive President Joseph Boak...

 

 

Leading Edge Group

This article is about the Australian company. For other uses, see leading edge (disambiguation). This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Leading Edge GroupCompany typePrivateIndustryBooksComputersElectronicsAppliancesJewelleryEntertainmentMusicFound...

 

 

Átomo

Para el personaje de cómics, véase Átomo (cómic). Representación de un átomo del elemento helio en la tierra. El átomo es la unidad fundamental de los elementos químicos. Consiste en un núcleo que contiene protones cargados positivamente y neutrones sin carga.[1]​ Cada sólido, líquido, gas y plasma se compone de átomos neutros o ionizados. Los átomos son microscópicos; los tamaños típicos son alrededor de 100 pm (diez mil millonésima parte de un metro).[2]​ ...

Albert Rop

Kenyan-Bahraini long-distance runner Albert RopRop at the 2016 OlympicsPersonal informationBorn17 July 1992 (1992-07-17) (age 32)Height177 cm (5 ft 10 in)[1]Weight63 kg (139 lb)SportSportAthleticsEvent1500–5000 m Albert Kibichii Rop (born 17 July 1992) is a Kenyan athlete specialising in the long-distance events.[2] He represents Bahrain in international competitions. In July 2013 at a meeting in Monaco, he set a new 5000 metres Asian recor...

 

 

倪志亮

倪志亮中国人民解放军中将中华人民共和国驻朝鲜大使任期1950年7月 - 1952年9月 个人资料出生1900年10月 清朝顺天府逝世1965年12月15日(1965歲—12—15)（65歲） 中华人民共和国北京国籍 中华人民共和国政党 中国共产党宗教信仰共产主义 学历 黄埔军校第四期 著作 《鄂豫皖苏区红军历史》 倪志亮（1900年10月—1965年12月15日），北京市人，中国人民解放军高级将领�...