Mercury vapour turbine

A mercury vapour turbine is a form of heat engine that uses mercury as the working fluid of its thermal cycle. A mercury vapour turbine has been used in conjunction with a steam turbine[1] for generating electricity. This example of combined cycle generation was not widely adopted because of high capital cost and the toxic hazard of the mercury potentially leaking into the environment.

The mercury cycle offers an efficiency increase compared to a steam-only cycle because energy can be injected into the Rankine cycle at higher temperature. Metallurgical developments have allowed steam-only plants to increase in efficiency over time, making the mercury vapour turbine obsolete. Modern combined cycle power plant generating stations operate at 61% efficiency, and with none of the safety issues inherent to a binary mercury Rankine cycle steam power plant.

Historical example

Diagram of Mercury Vapor Turbine System at Schiller Station in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA

The Electrical Year Book, 1937,[2] contained the following description of a mercury vapour turbine operating in commercial use:

The advantage of operating a mercury-vapour turbine in conjunction with a steam power plant lies in the fact that the complete cycle can be worked over a very wide range of temperature without employing any abnormal pressure. The exhaust from the mercury turbine is used to raise steam for the steam turbine. The Hartford Electric Light Co. (U.S.A.) has a 10,000kW turbo-generator driven by mercury vapour, which reaches the turbine at 70 lb. per sq. in. (gauge), 880°F. The mercury vapour is condensed at 445°F and raises 129,000 lb. steam per hr. at 280 lb. per sq. in. pressure. The latter is superheated to 735°F and passed to the steam turbines. During 4 months continuous operation, this plant averaged about 0.715 lb. of coal per kWh of net output, about 43% of the output being from the mercury turbine generator and 57% from the steam plant. On maintained full-load the heat output averages 9800 BTU per net kWh [34.8% efficiency]. It is believed that maintenance costs will be lower than in ordinary steam plant. The back-pressure on the mercury turbine is fixed by the steam boiler pressure; only a small vacuum pump is needed, as there is no air or other gas in the mercury system.

Power plants designed by William Le Roy Emmet were constructed by General Electric and operated between 1923 and 1950. Large plants included:

  • Hartford, Connecticut, 1.8 MW, starting in 1922, uprated in stages to 15 MW in 1949
  • Kearny Generating Station, New Jersey, 20 MW mercury turbine +30 MW steam, started 1933[3]
  • Schenectady, New York[4]
  • Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 40 MW, 1950[5][6]

References

  1. ^ British Thomson Houston Patent GB 191321689(A)
  2. ^ The Electrical Year Book 1937, published by Emmott and Company Limited, Manchester, England, page 34
  3. ^ "Mercury as a Working Fluid". www.douglas-self.com. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  4. ^ Robert U. Ayres, Leslie Ayres, Leslie W. Ayres Accounting for Resources, 2: The Life Cycle of Materials, Edward Elgar Publishing, 1999 ISBN 185898923X, page 169
  5. ^ Nag Power Plant Engineering 3e, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2008 ISBN 0070648158 page 107
  6. ^ Herman Branover, Yeshajahu Unger Metallurgical Technologies, Energy Conversion, and Magnetohydrodynamic FlowsAIAA, 1993 ISBN 1563470195 page 337-338

Read other articles:

Hypsugo pulveratus

Hypsugo pulveratus Hypsugo pulveratus Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN17360 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasMammaliaOrdoChiropteraFamiliVespertilionidaeTribusVespertilioniniGenusHypsugoSpesiesHypsugo pulveratus (Peters, 1870) Tata namaSinonim taksonPipistrellus pulveratus (Peters, 1870)ProtonimVesperugo pulveratus lbs Hypsugo pulveratus adalah sebuah spesies kelelawar biasa dalam keluarga Vespertilionidae. Spesies tersebut ditemukan di Tiongkok, Laos, Thailand, dan Vietnam. Refer...

 

Freescale Semiconductor

Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.JenisUmum (NYSE: FSL)IndustriSemikonduktorDidirikanKeluar dari Motorola pada tahun 2004KantorpusatAustin, Texas, ASTokohkunciRichard M. Beyer (CEO)Alan Campbell (CFO)Henri Richard (CSMO)Ken Hansen (CTO) See all executivesPendapatan$4,46 miliar USD (2010))[1]Laba operasi$1,218 miliar USD (2009)Laba bersih$1,15 miliar USD (2010)Karyawan18.500Situs webwww.freescale.com Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. memproduksi dan merancang perangkat keras tempelan, dengan 17...

 

Cakep Cakep Sakti

Cakep Cakep SaktiGenre Drama Roman Fantasi Remaja PembuatMD EntertainmentSutradaraAi ManafPemeran Luna Maya Indah Permatasari Maxime Raquel Katie Larkin Andi Soraya Fadlan Muhammad Armando Jordy Penggubah lagu temaIndah Permatasari feat. Raquel Katie LarkinLagu pembukaMau Disayang oleh Indah Permatasari feat. Raquel Katie LarkinLagu penutupMau Disayang oleh Indah Permatasari feat. Raquel Katie LarkinNegara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode32ProduksiProduser Dh...

Livilla

Claudia Livia JuliaStatue de Livilla.BiographieNaissance Probablement 13 av. J.-C.Lyon, GauleDécès 31 ap. J.-C.RomeSurnom LivillaÉpoque Haut Empire romainFamille Julio-Claudiens, Claudii NeronesPère Nero Claudius DrususMère Antonia la JeuneFratrie GermanicusClaudeConjoint Caius Julius Cæsar Vipsanianus DrususEnfants Julia Drusi Caesaris FiliaTiberius Julius Caesar Nero GemellusTiberius Claudius Caesar Germanicus GemellusGens Claudiimodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Claudia...

 

Numa Numa (video)

Internet meme For the song, see Dragostea Din Tei. Gary Brolsma in the video Numa Numa (/ˈnuːmə/) is an Internet meme based on a video by American vlogger Gary Brolsma made after the song Dragostea Din Tei as performed by Moldovan pop group O-Zone. Brolsma's video, entitled Numa Numa Dance, was released on December 6, 2004, on the website Newgrounds under the username Gman250 and shows Brolsma lip-syncing the song with lively gesticulations and dance moves. The video title is derived from ...

 

Thar (fleuve)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Thar. le Thar Le Thar à Jullouville. Le cours du Thar. Caractéristiques Longueur 24,8 km [1] Bassin 85 km2 [1] Bassin collecteur le Thar Débit moyen 0,997 m3/s (exutoire dans la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel) [2] Nombre de Strahler 3 Organisme gestionnaire SMBCG ou syndicat mixte des bassins versants côtiers Granvillais[3] Régime pluvial océanique Cours Source le Fougeray · Localisation la Mouche · Altitude 125 m · Coordonnées 48°&...

Fußball-Club Bayern München II 2008-2009

Voce principale: Fußball-Club Bayern München II. Fußball-Club Bayern München IIStagione 2008-2009Sport calcio Squadra Bayern Monaco II Allenatore Hermann Gerland (1ª-33ª) Mehmet Scholl (34ª-38ª) All. in seconda Gerd Müller 3. Liga5º posto Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Saba (37)Totale: Saba (37) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Müller (15)Totale: Müller (15) StadioStadion an der Grünwalder Straße Maggior numero di spettatori7 000 vs. Dinamo Dresda Minor numero di spettatori...

 

Tifoseria dell'Associazione Sportiva Roma

Voce principale: Associazione Sportiva Roma. Tifosi della Roma al Circo Massimo il 17 giugno 2001 a festeggiare il terzo scudetto. Nella presente pagina sono riportate informazioni sui tifosi dell'Associazione Sportiva Roma, società calcistica italiana per azioni con sede a Roma. Indice 1 Contesto e orientamento politico 2 Spettatori 3 Fan club 4 Presenza sui media digitali e reti sociali 5 Tifoseria organizzata 5.1 I primi gruppi e i Guerriglieri 5.2 Fedayn e Boys 5.3 Commando Ultrà Curva...

 

Buckminsterfullerene

Cage-like allotrope of carbon Buckyball redirects here. For other uses, see Buckyball (disambiguation). Buckminsterfullerene Names Pronunciation /ˌbʌkmɪnstərˈfʊləriːn/ Preferred IUPAC name (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene[1] Other names Buckyballs; Fullerene-C60; [60]fullerene Identifiers CAS Number 99685-96-8 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 5901022 ChEBI CHEBI:33128 Y ChemSpider 110185 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.156.884 PubChem CID 123591 UNII NP9U26B83...

Thomas Langmann

French film producer and actor (born 1971) Thomas LangmannLangmann at the César Awards 2012Born (1971-05-24) 24 May 1971 (age 52)Paris, FranceOccupation(s)Film producer, actor, screenwriter, film directorYears active1980–presentNotable workThe Artist (2011)Spouse Céline Bosquet ​(m. 2013)​Children1Parent(s)Claude BerriAnne-Marie RassamRelativesJulien Rassam (brother)Arlette Langmann (aunt)Dimitri Rassam (cousin)AwardsAcademy Award for Best Picture Th...

 

Pemilihan umum Presiden Afganistan 2004

Pemilihan presiden Afghanistan 200420099 Oktober 2004Kandidat   Calon Hamid Karzai Yunus Qanuni Partai Independen Afghanistan Partai Baru Pendamping Karim Khalili Suara rakyat 4,443,029 1,306,503 Persentase 55.4% 16.3% President petahanaBurhanuddin Rabbani Jamiat-i-Islami President terpilih Hamid Karzai Independen Pemilihan Presiden Afghanistan diadakan pada tanggal 9 Oktober 2004. Hamid Karzai memenangkan pemilu dengan 55.4% suara, tiga kali lebih banyak daripada calon lainnya. Du...

 

روبن كوك

روبن كوك (بالإنجليزية: Robin Cook)‏  وزير الخارجية في المنصب2 مايو 1997 – 8 يونيو 2001 رئيس الوزراء توني بلير   جاك سترو وزير الخارجية في المنصب18 يوليو 1992 – 20 أكتوبر 1994 وزير الخارجية في المنصب13 يوليو 1987 – 18 يوليو 1992 معلومات شخصية الميلاد 28 فبراير 1946(1946-02-28)اسكتلندا الوفاة 6 أغسطس ...

Six-string alto guitar

Terz or G tuning. The six-string alto guitar or G Guitar or Terz guitar is a smaller version of the classical guitar, designed to be fitted with lighter strings and tuned a perfect fifth higher, to B-E-A-D-F♯/G♭-B.[1] Terz guitar (Terz meaning third) refers to either a small sized classical guitar or to the practice of tuning a standard guitar a minor third higher than standard guitar tuning (as though a capo were on the third fret of the guitar). The scale length is generally 530...

 

John Gault

For similar names, see John Galt (disambiguation). John Gault was an American entrepreneur and inventor who created the encased postage stamp. Gault used these encased postage stamps as a means to solve a coin shortage during the Civil War as well as ultimately profit from their sale. Encased postage stamp Encased postage stamp In 1862, Gault and the American population were faced with a shortage of coins.[1] The government reacted first to this problem by passing a law on July 17, 18...

 

1 Tawarikh 20

1 Tawarikh 20Kitab Tawarikh (Kitab 1 & 2 Tawarikh) lengkap pada Kodeks Leningrad, dibuat tahun 1008.KitabKitab 1 TawarikhKategoriKetuvimBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen13← pasal 19 pasal 21 → 1 Tawarikh 20 (atau I Tawarikh 20, disingkat 1Taw 20) adalah bagian dari Kitab 1 Tawarikh dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen. Dalam Alkitab Ibrani termasuk dalam bagian Ketuvim (כְּתוּבִים, tulisan).[1][2] Te...

Peyton Reed

Peyton ReedReed pada Juni 2015LahirPeyton Tucker Reed[1]03 Juli 1964 (umur 60)Raleigh, Carolina Utara, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanSutradara, produserTahun aktif1987–sekarangKarya terkenalBring It OnDown with LoveThe Break-UpYes ManAnt-ManAnt-Man and the WaspAnt-Man and the Wasp: QuantumaniaSuami/istri Beth LaMure ​ ​(m. 1998; c. 2006)​ Sheila Naghshineh ​(m. 2013)​ Anak2 Peyton Tucker Reed (lahir 3 ...

 

List of North Dakota state symbols

Location of the state of North Dakota in the United States of America The following is a list of officially designated symbols of the U.S. state of North Dakota. State symbols The following are defined in Title 54 of the North Dakota Century Code[1] and appear in the North Dakota Blue Book:[2] State bird: western meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta State fish: northern pike, Esox lucius Honorary equine: Nokota horse State flower: wild prairie rose, Rosa arkansana State tree: Ameri...

 

Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko

Court Marshal of Lithuania Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko (5 May 1712, Lubartów – 14 September 1775, Dubno) was a magnate in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He held the titles of miecznik and Court Marshal of Lithuania. He was not interested in politics, and spent most of his life using the fortunes previous members of the Sanguszko family gathered, spending it on his lavish lifestyle. Indebted, in 1753, he agreed to divide the ordynacja ostrogoska he inherited from his mother, Marianna...

Abierto Mexicano de Tenis 2009

Abierto Mexicano de Tenis 2009Sport Tennis Data23 febbraio - 28 febbraio 2009 Edizione16ª (uomini)9ª (donne) SuperficieTerra rossa CampioniSingolare maschile Nicolás Almagro Singolare femminile Venus Williams Doppio maschile František Čermák / Michal Mertiňák Doppio femminile Nuria Llagostera Vives / María José Martínez Sánchez 2008 2010 L'Abierto Mexicano de Tenis 2009, conosciuto anche con il nome di Abierto Mexicano Telcel 2009 per motivi di sponsorizzazione, è stato un torneo...

 

Monfalcone

For other uses, see Monfalcone (disambiguation). Comune in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, ItalyMonfalconeComuneComune di MonfalconePiazza della Repubblica in Monfalcone Coat of armsLocation of Monfalcone MonfalconeLocation of Monfalcone in ItalyShow map of ItalyMonfalconeMonfalcone (Friuli-Venezia Giulia)Show map of Friuli-Venezia GiuliaCoordinates: 45°48′N 13°32′E / 45.800°N 13.533°E / 45.800; 13.533CountryItalyRegionFriuli-Venezia GiuliaProvinceGorizia (GO)FrazioniAr...