Melaleuca quinquenervia

Broad-leaved paperbark
Melaleuca quinquenervia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Melaleuca
Species:
M. quinquenervia
Binomial name
Melaleuca quinquenervia
Synonyms[2]
  • Melaleuca leucadendra var. albida Cheel
  • Melaleuca leucadendra var. angustifolia L.f.
  • Melaleuca leucadendra var. coriacea (Poir.) Cheel
  • Melaleuca maidenii R.T.Baker
  • Melaleuca smithii R.T.Baker
  • Melaleuca viridiflora var. angustifolia (L.f.) Byrnes
  • Melaleuca viridiflora var. rubriflora Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris
  • Metrosideros albida Sieber ex DC.
  • Metrosideros coriacea Poir.
  • Metrosideros quinquenervia Cav.

Melaleuca quinquenervia, commonly known as the broad-leaved paperbark, paper bark tea tree, punk tree or niaouli, is a small- to medium-sized tree of the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. It grows as a spreading tree up to 20 m (70 ft) tall, with its trunk covered by a white, beige and grey thick papery bark. The grey-green leaves are egg-shaped, and cream or white bottlebrush-like flowers appear from late spring to autumn. It was first formally described in 1797 by the Spanish naturalist Antonio José Cavanilles.

Native to New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea and coastal eastern Australia, from Botany Bay in New South Wales northwards into Queensland, M. quinquenervia grows in swamps, on floodplains and near rivers and estuaries, often on silty soil. It has become naturalised in the Everglades in Florida, where it is considered a serious weed by the USDA.

Description

Melaleuca quinquenervia is a small to medium sized, spreading tree which usually grows to a height of 8–15 m (30–50 ft) high and a spread of 5–10 m (20–30 ft) but is sometimes as tall as 25 m (80 ft). Young growth is hairy with long and short, soft hairs. The leaves are arranged alternately and are flat, leathery, lance-shaped to egg-shaped, dull or grey-green, 55–120 mm (2–5 inches) long and 10–31 mm (0.4–1 inch) wide, three to eight times as long as wide.[3][4][5][6]

The flowers are arranged in spikes on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering, sometimes also in the upper leaf axils. The spikes contain 5 to 18 groups of flowers in threes and are up to 40 mm (2 in) in diameter and 20–50 mm (0.8–2 in) long. The petals are about 3 mm (0.1 in) long and fall off as the flower ages. The stamens are white, cream-coloured or greenish and are arranged in 5 bundles around the flower, with 5 to 10 stamens per bundle. Flowering occurs from spring to early autumn, September to March in Australia. Flowering is followed by fruit which are woody, broadly cylindrical capsules, 2.5–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long and clustered, spike-like along the branches. Each capsule contains many tiny seeds which are released annually.[3][4][5][6][7]

Habit near Woolgoolga

Taxonomy

The broad-leaved paperbark was first formally described in 1797 by the Spanish naturalist Antonio José Cavanilles, who gave it the name Metrosideros quinquenervia. The description was of a specimen collected "near Port Jackson" and it was published in Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum.[8][9] In 1958, Stanley Thatcher Blake of the Queensland Herbarium transferred the species to Melaleuca.[10] The specific epithet (quinquenervia) is from the Latin quinque meaning "five" and nervus, "vein", referring to the leaves usually having five veins.[3][5]

The common names broad-leaved paperbark, broad-leaved tea tree or simply paperbark or tea tree are used in Australia, and punk tree is used in the United States.[7] It is known as niaouli, itachou (paicî) and pichöö (xârâcùù) in New Caledonia.[11]

Distribution and habitat

Melaleuca quinquenervia in Australia

In Australia, Melaleuca quinquenervia occurs along the east coast, from Cape York in Queensland to Botany Bay in New South Wales. It grows in seasonally inundated plains and swamps, along estuary margins and is often the dominant species. In the Sydney region it grows alongside trees such as swamp mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) and bangalay (E. botryoides). It grows in silty or swampy soil and plants have grown in acid soil of pH as low as 2.5.[12]

Broad-leaved paperbark is also native in the southern part of Indonesian West Papua and Papua New Guinea. It is widespread in New Caledonia, including Grand Terre, Belep, Isle of Pines and Maré.[11] It is a component of the savannah of western New Caledonia, scattered trees dotting the grassland habitat and its spread through this landscape might have been facilitated by human fire regimes.[13] Major threats to M. quinquenervia are housing developments, roads, sugar cane and pine plantations. Remnants in Australia are not protected in reserves, with majority of its woodland located in private property where clearing continues.[14]

Melaleuca quinquenervia has been introduced as an ornamental plant to many tropical areas of the world, including Southeast Asia, Africa and the Americas and has become a weed in many areas.[15]

Ecology

Melaleuca quinquenervia resprouts vigorously from epicormic shoots after bushfire, and has been recorded flowering within weeks of being burnt. Trees can live for over 100 years, with 40-year-old trees achieving a trunk circumference of 2.7 m (9 ft) in cultivation.[12]

The flowers serve as a rich source of nectar for other organisms, including fruit bats, a wide range of insect and bird species,[7] such as the scaly-breasted lorikeet (Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus).[16]

The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) and little red flying-fox (P. scapulatus) consume the flowers.[17]

Status in the United States

Melaleuca quinquenervia distribution in Florida

Melaleuca quinquenervia was introduced into Florida as early as 1900 when specimens were first planted near Orlando.[18] There were two major introductions, one by J. Gifford to the East Coast in 1907, and one by A.C. Andrews to the west coast in 1912.[19] The South Florida Water Management District has recorded Melaleuca around the areas where they were originally introduced: southwest of Broward and northern Dade County on the east coast and southern Lee County and north of Collier County on the west coast.[20]

The species is mainly found in the more frost-free areas of south Florida and only rarely in the warmer coastal areas of Pasco County.[21]

Melaleuca quinquenervia has been classified by the United States Department of Agriculture as a noxious weed in six US states (Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Oklahoma and Texas), as well as federally.[22] It is an abundant exotic invasive plant in the Everglades.[23] Its unchecked expansion in South Florida is one of the most serious threats to the integrity of the native ecosystem.[24]

This tree takes over sawgrass marshes in the Everglades turning the area into a swamp.[25] Melaleuca causes severe ecological impacts, including displacing native species, modification of hydrology, alteration of soil resources, reducing native habitat value and changing the fire regime.[26]

An experiment comparing the quantity of seeds held in the canopies of Melaleuca trees in Australia and Southern Florida found that the viability and amount of seeds found in Australia were lower when compared to those in Florida.[27]

The release from natural enemies will cause the invasive exotic plant to evolve, improving its performance in the new area.[28] This idea is supported by the results of a study on Melaleuca done by Pratt et al. (2005) showing that damage by herbivores reduced success in the following season as the reproductive structures declined by 80% with 54% less fruits. Biocontrol agents that have been released in Florida are the Oxyops vitiosa (weevil) and Boreioglycapsis (melaleuca psyllid). These insects are native to Australia and serve to reduce the growth and reproduction of M. quinquenervia by feeding on young expanding leaves and phloem of the tree.[29][30]

Punk tree is known for its capability to withstand floods and droughts.[23] If there is a canopy gap created by a flood or some other disturbance Melaleuca will establish to make use of the extra light.[25] In physically disturbed sites, flourishing invaders have high colonisation abilities.[31] For example, Melaleuca is constantly thinning itself of small branches and twigs and this causes many seeds to fall all the time along with the litter,[32] so it is always dispersing its potential offspring. Melaleuca is also capable of living in disturbed habitats such as improved pasture, idle farmland,[26] and canal affected areas. The climate in south Florida is similar to that in its native Australia, beginning with geographic locations at latitude 26º N about halfway between Lake Okeechobee and the tip of mainland Florida; in Australia the latitude 26º S lies just north of Brisbane in south Queensland.

Both regions have subtropical to tropical climate. As a result of this, Melaleuca has almost been pre-adapted for south Florida. Fire thrives in these environments and seed dispersal is displaced when fire occurs.[14] Melaleuca bloom five times throughout the year, with individual branches supporting three out of the five. Each flower part can drop about 30–70 small seed capsules which can be viable for almost ten years. It was determined that each capsule contained about 200–300 seeds, dropping rapidly and can be found 170 m from the source tree. The seeds of M. quinquenervia appear to be well adapted to wet/dry seasonal climates and can even germinate underwater on soil substrate.[14]

Recent studies comparing specific leaf area of invasive exotic plants with exotic non-invasive plants and native plants in relation to disturbances have shown that invasive have a larger specific leaf area than the other plants.[31] This allows for faster growth, these results held up by many supporting studies have allowed Lake and Leishman to infer that invasive species are so successful because of their skill for fast growth, and greater capacity to capture and retain space. Melaleuca has definitely been shown to have these traits, such as in the Everglades where the Melaleuca population increased 50-fold between the early 1970s and the late 1990s.[26]

Chemistry

Chemotypes found in Melaleuca quinquenervia

M. quinquenervia have been shown to occur in distinct chemical forms. These forms or chemotypes are characterised by the organic compounds terpenes. Chemotype 1 has acyclic foliar terpenes, with concentrations of sesquiterpene E-nerolidol 74–95% of total oil and also monoterpene linalool.[33] Chemotype 2 has high concentration of cyclic foliar terpenes, in particular sesquiterpene viridiflorol with 13-66% of total oil. Chemotype 2 also includes monoterpenes 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol.[33]

Grandinin is an ellagitannin also found in leaves of M. quinquenervia.[34]

Uses

The paper-like bark is used traditionally for making coolamons and shelters and for wrapping baked food and lining ground ovens.[7] The nectar is extracted traditionally by washing in coolamons of water which is subsequently consumed as a beverage. The scented flower also produces a light to dark amber honey depending on the district. It is strongly flavoured and candies readily. It is not regarded as a high-quality honey but nevertheless is popular.[35]

Melaleuca quinquenervia is sometimes used as a bonsai.[36]

The timber is tolerant of being soaked and is used in fences.[37]

Melaleuca quinquenervia is often used as a street tree or planted in public parks and gardens, especially in Sydney.[38] In its native Australia, it is excellent as a windbreak, screening tree and food source for a wide range of local insect and bird species.[7][39] It can tolerate waterlogged soils.[37] It is regarded by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as an invasive weed in Florida where it was introduced to drain swamps.

The essential oil of Melaleuca quinquenervia is used in a variety of cosmetic products especially in Australia. The oil is reported in herbalism and natural medicine to work as an antiseptic and antibacterial agent, to help with bladder infections, respiratory troubles and catarrh.

See also

References

  1. ^ Doran, J.; Thomson, L. (2019). "Melaleuca quinquenervia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T49278407A49278461. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T49278407A49278461.en. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Melaleuca quinquenervia". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Brophy, Joseph J.; Craven, Lyndley A.; Doran, John C. (2013). Melaleucas : their botany, essential oils and uses. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. pp. 302–303. ISBN 9781922137517.
  4. ^ a b Holliday, Ivan (2004). Melaleucas : a field and garden guide (2nd ed.). Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Reed New Holland Publishers. pp. 238–239. ISBN 1876334983.
  5. ^ a b c Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (1993). Bottlebrushes, paperbarks & tea trees, and all other plants in the Leptospermum alliance. Pymble, N.S.W.: Angus & Robertson. p. 297. ISBN 0207168679.
  6. ^ a b Wilson, Peter G. "Melelauca quinquenervia". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney: plantnet. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake. Trevor (1993). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation:Volume 6 – K-M. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 359. ISBN 0-85091-589-9.
  8. ^ "Metrosideros quinquenervia". APNI. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  9. ^ Cavanilles, Antonio Jose (1797). Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum (Volume 4, No. 1). Madrid. p. 19. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  10. ^ "Melaleuca quinquenervia". APNI. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  11. ^ a b "Melaleuca quinquenervia". Endemia, New Caledonia. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  12. ^ a b Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1998). "Ecology of Sydney plant species:Part 6 Dicotyledon family Myrtaceae". Cunninghamia. 5 (4): 969.
  13. ^ Dieter Mueller-Dombois; Francis Raymond Fosberg (1998). Vegetation of the tropical Pacific islands. Springer. p. 159. ISBN 0-387-98313-9. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  14. ^ a b c Turner, Charles E.; Center, T.D.; Burrows, D.W.; Buckingham, G.R. (1997). "Ecology and management of Melaleuca quinquenervia, an invader of wetlands in Florida, U.S.A.". Wetlands Ecology and Management. 5 (3): 165–178. Bibcode:1997WetEM...5..165T. doi:10.1023/A:1008205122757.
  15. ^ "Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark tree)". Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  16. ^ Lepschi, Brendan J. (1991). "Food of Some Birds in Eastern New South Wales: Additions to Barker & Vestjens". Emu. 93 (3): 195–199. doi:10.1071/MU9930195. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  17. ^ Eby P (1995). The biology and management of flying foxes in NSW. Hurstville, NSW: National Parks & Wildlife Service.
  18. ^ Meskimen, G. F. (1962), A silvical study of the melaleuca tree in south Florida (PDF) (thesis), Gainesville: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, pp. 1–177
  19. ^ Rothra, E.O. (1972). "John Clayton Gifford on preserving tropical Florida". Miami Press, Coral Gables.
  20. ^ Wheeler, Gregory S.; Ordung, K.M. (2006). "Lack of an induced response following fire and herbivory of two chemotypes of Melaleuca quinquenervia and its effect on two biological control agents". Biological Control. 39 (2): 154–161. Bibcode:2006BiolC..39..154W. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.05.016. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  21. ^ Jarvis, BobbiJo. "Melaleuca – An Invasive Tree of Florida". University of Florida – Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  22. ^ "Melaleuca quinquenervia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  23. ^ a b Serbesoff-King, Kristina (2003). "Melaleuca in Florida: A Literature Review on the Taxonomy, Distribution, Biology, Ecology, Economic Importance and Control Measures" (PDF). Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 41 (2): 98–112. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  24. ^ Laroche, Francois B.; Ferriter, A.P. (1992). "The Rate of Expansion of Melaleuca in South Florida" (PDF). Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 30: 62–65. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  25. ^ a b Zedler, J. B.; Kercher, Suzanne (2004). "Causes and consequences of invasive plants in wetlands: Opportunities, opportunists, and outcomes". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 23 (5): 431–52. Bibcode:2004CRvPS..23..431Z. doi:10.1080/07352680490514673. S2CID 1837791.
  26. ^ a b c Mazzotti, Frank J.; Center, Ted D.; Dray, F. Allen; Thayer, Dan. "Ecological Consequences of Invasion by Melaleuca quinquenervia in South Florida Wetlands: Paradise Damaged, not Lost". University of Florida. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  27. ^ Rayamajhi, Min B.; Van, Thai K.; Centre, Ted. D.; Goolsby, John A.; Pratt, Paul D.; Racelis, Alex (2002). "Biological Attributes of The Canopy-held Melaleuca Seeds in Australia and Florida, U.S." (PDF). Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 40: 87–91. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  28. ^ Hierro, José L.; Maron, John L.; Callaway, Ragan M. (2005). "A biogeographical approach to plant invasions: the importance of studying exotics in their introduced and native range". Journal of Ecology. 93 (1): 5–15. Bibcode:2005JEcol..93....5H. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00953.x. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  29. ^ Wheeler, G.S. (2005). "Chemotype variation of the weed Melaleuca quinquenervia influences the biomass and fecundity of the biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa". Biological Control. 36 (2): 121–128. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.10.005.
  30. ^ Padovan, A.; Keszei, A.; Koellner, T. G.; Degenhardt, J.; Foley, W. J. (2010). "The molecular basis of host plant selection in Melaleuca quinquenervia by a successful biological control agent". Phytochemistry. 71 (11–12): 1237–1244. Bibcode:2010PChem..71.1237P. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.013. PMID 20554297.
  31. ^ a b Lake JC, Leishman MR (2004). "Invasion success of exotic plants in natural ecosystems: the role of disturbance, plant attributes and freedom from herbivores". Biological Conservation. 117 (2): 215–26. Bibcode:2004BCons.117..215L. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00294-5.
  32. ^ Van, T. K.; Rayachhetry, M. B.; Center, T. D.; Pratt, P. D. (2002). "Litter dynamics and phenology of Melaleuca quinquenervia in South Florida". Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 40: 22–27.
  33. ^ a b Ireland, B.F.; D.B. Hibbert; R.J. Goldsack; J.C. Doran; J.J. Brophy (2002). "Chemical variation in the leaf essential oil of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 30 (5): 457–470. Bibcode:2002BioSE..30..457I. doi:10.1016/s0305-1978(01)00112-0.
  34. ^ Moharram, F. A. (2003). "Polyphenols of Melaleuca quinquenervia leaves - pharmacological studies of grandinin". Phytotherapy Research. 17 (7): 767–773. doi:10.1002/ptr.1214. PMID 12916075. S2CID 45936055.
  35. ^ Cribb, A.B. & J.W., Useful Wild Plants in Australia, Collins 1982, p. 23, ISBN 0-00-636397-0.
  36. ^ "Australian Plants as Bonsai - Melaleuca quinquenervia". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  37. ^ a b Halliday, Ivan (1989). A Field Guide to Australian Trees. Melbourne: Hamlyn Australia. p. 262. ISBN 0-947334-08-4.
  38. ^ Halliday, Ivan (2004). Melaleucas: A Field and Garden Guide. Sydney: New Holland Press. p. 238. ISBN 1-876334-98-3.
  39. ^ Elliot, Rodger (1994). Attracting Wildlife to Your Garden. Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-85091-628-3.

Read other articles:

Jeotgal Jeotgal adalah jenis makanan fermentasi khas Korea yang terbuat dari berbagai jenis produk laut seperti ikan, kerang dan udang.[1][2] Jeotgal difermentasikan dengan garam sehingga rasanya asin.[1] Lingkungan semenanjung Korea dikelilingi oleh lautan yang menjadi tempat pertemuan arus panas dan dingin sehingga jumlah dan jenis produk laut sangat bervariasi.[1] Di samping bekerja sebagai petani, orang Korea juga beraktivitas sebagai nelayan saat musim tan...

 

 

NongkojajarKelurahanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TimurKabupatenPasuruanKecamatanTuturKodepos67165Luas-Jumlah penduduk-Kepadatan- Pasar Nongkojajar pada tahun 1910-an Hotel di Nongkojajar pada tahun 1920 Villa orang Belanda di Nongkojajar pada tahun 1920 Nongkojajar merupakan nama lain dari pusat pemerintahan di Kec. Tutur, Pasuruan. Nongkojajar juga sebuah dusun di desa Wonosari, kecamatan Tutur, Pasuruan, provinsi Jawa Timur Etimologi Nongkojajar berasal dari bahasa jawa Nongko artinya ...

 

 

Bagian dari seriSaksi-Saksi Yehuwa Ikhtisar Struktur organisasi Badan Pimpinan Watch Tower Bibleand Tract Society Badan usaha Sejarah Gerakan Siswa Alkitab Sengketa kepemimpinan Kelompok-kelompok pecahan Perkembangan doktrin Prediksi-prediksi keliru Demografi Menurut negara-negara KepercayaanRitual KeselamatanEskatologi 144.000 Hamba yang setia dan bijaksana HymneNama Tuhan DarahDisiplin Literatur Menara PengawalSadarlah! Kitab Suci Terjemahan Dunia Baru Daftar publikasi Daftar pustaka Progra...

PT Pupuk Kalimantan TimurKantor pusat di BontangNama dagangPupuk KaltimJenisPerseroan terbatasIndustriBahan kimiaDidirikan7 Desember 1977; 46 tahun lalu (1977-12-07)KantorpusatBontang, IndonesiaWilayah operasiIndonesiaTokohkunciBudi Wahju Soesilo[1](Direktur Utama)Eka Sastra[2](Plt. Komisaris Utama)ProdukPupukAmoniakKawasan industriMinyak sawitMerekDaun BuahNPK PelangiPelangi AgroEcofertBiotaraBio SalinBio LKBiodexPendapatanRp 25,327 triliun (2021)[3]Laba bersihRp...

 

 

قرية لانسينغ الإحداثيات 42°29′16″N 76°29′10″W / 42.4878°N 76.4861°W / 42.4878; -76.4861   [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1974  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة تومبكينز  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 11.989334 كيلومتر مربع (2016)  ارتفاع 283 متر  عدد السكان...

 

 

Election for the governorship of the U.S. state of Kansas 1892 Kansas gubernatorial election ← 1890 November 8, 1892 1894 →   Nominee Lorenzo D. Lewelling Abram W. Smith Party Populist Republican Popular vote 162,507 158,075 Percentage 50.04% 48.67% Governor before election Lyman U. Humphrey Republican Elected Governor Lorenzo D. Lewelling Populist Elections in Kansas Federal government Presidential elections 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 19...

Legislative election in Arizona 2008 Arizona Senate election ← 2006 November 4, 2008 2010 → All 30 seats of the Arizona Senate16 seats needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party   Leader Robert Bob Burns Jorge Luis Garcia Party Republican Democratic Leader's seat 9th 27th Seats before 17 13 Seats after 18 12 Seat change 1 1 Results:     Democratic hold      Republican hold  &#...

 

 

33°44′55″N 84°23′14″W / 33.7485°N 84.3871°W / 33.7485; -84.3871 Public plaza in Atlanta, Georgia Liberty Plaza, with the Georgia State Capitol in the background. (2015) Liberty Plaza is a public plaza in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, adjacent to the Georgia State Capitol. Completed in 2015, the 2.2-acre plaza is capable of holding over 3,000 people and has hosted numerous political demonstrations in Atlanta. History The idea of a public greenspace near the Geo...

 

 

Periodic comet with 3-year orbit 2P/EnckeDiscoveryDiscovered byPierre Méchain;Johann Franz Encke (recognition of periodicity)Discovery date17 January 1786[1]DesignationsAlternative designations1786 I; 1795; 1805;1819 I; 1822 II; 1825 III;1829; 1832 I; 1835 II;1838; 1842 I; 1845 IVOrbital characteristicsEpoch2023 September 13[1]Aphelion4.098 AUPerihelion0.33960 AUSemi-major axis2.2187 AUEccentricity0.8469Orbital period3.30 yr3y 3m 27d (perihelion to perihelion)Max. o...

France 3Champagne-ArdenneCaractéristiquesCréation 25 février 1965Disparition 1er janvier 2017 (disparition informelle)Propriétaire France TélévisionsSlogan « Sur France 3, vous êtes au bon endroit »Format d'image 16/9, 576i (SD), 1080i (HD)Langue FrançaisPays FranceStatut Généraliste régionale publiqueSiège social ReimsAncien nom Télé Lorraine-Champagne (1965-1975)FR3 Lorraine Champagne-Ardenne (1975-1992)France 3 Lorraine Champagne-Ardenne (1992-2010)Site web https...

 

 

Imi

For the village in Iran, see Imi, Iran. For the three letter abbreviation, see IMI. For the Persian dialect spoken in Kuwait, see Kuwaiti Persian. King of Akkad ImiKing of AkkadKing of SumerKing of the Akkadian EmpireReignc. 2192-2191  BCPredecessorIgigiSuccessorNanum Imi, according to the Sumerian King List, was one of four rivals (the others being Igigi, Ilulu, and Nanum) vying to be king of the Akkadian Empire during a three-year period following the death of Shar-kali-sharri.[1&#...

 

 

For other uses, see Romanian National Opera (disambiguation). Building in Bucharest, RomaniaRomanian National Opera in BucharestOpera Națională BucureștiFront view of the Opera HouseGeneral informationLocationBucharestCountryRomaniaCompleted1953Inaugurated9 January 1954Design and constructionArchitect(s)Octav Doicescu and Paraschiva IubuOther informationSeating capacity952 The Romanian National Opera, Bucharest (Romanian: Opera Națională București) is one of the four national opera and ...

Wabash NationalCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE: WNCS&P 600 componentIndustryTransportationFounded1985HeadquartersLafayette, Indiana, United StatesArea servedWorldwide (except China, Europe and Oceania)Key peopleBrent Yeagy, President/CEOProductsSemi-trailersRevenue1.77 billion USD (2017)[1]Number of employees6,500[1]Websitewww.wabashnational.com SNC Trailer Wabash National is an American diversified industrial manufacturing company and North America's largest producer...

 

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Anjali SudAnjali Sud di konferensi Collision pada 2018Lahir13 Agustus 1983 (umur 40)Detroit, MichiganKebangsaanAmerika SerikatPendidikanPhillips Andover AcademyWharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Harvard Business SchoolPekerjaanCEO V...

 

 

American congressman (1906–1985) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: M. Blaine Peterson – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) M. Blaine PetersonOfficial congressional photoMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom...

Park in Manhattan, New York Abe Lebewohl ParkLion statue in Abe Lebewohl ParkTypeUrban parkLocationIn front of the St. Mark’s Church in-the-Bowery at 2nd Ave and East 12th St, East Village, Manhattan, New York CityCoordinates40°43′48″N 73°59′13″W / 40.7300°N 73.9870°W / 40.7300; -73.9870Area0.16 acresOperated byNew York City Department of Parks and RecreationWebsitehttps://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/abe-lebewohl-park Abe Lebewohl Park is a public park...

 

 

Irish diplomat, activist, nationalist and poet (1864–1916) Roger CasementCasement by Sarah Purser, 1914BornRoger David Casement(1864-09-01)1 September 1864Sandycove, Dublin, IrelandDied3 August 1916(1916-08-03) (aged 51)Pentonville Prison, London, EnglandCause of deathExecution by hangingMonuments Casement Monument at Ballyheigue Beach Roger Casement Statue at Dún Laoghaire Baths Occupation(s)Diplomat, poet, humanitarian activistOrganisation(s)British Foreign Office, Irish Volunt...

 

 

Not to be confused with SMRT Corporation. Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRT Corp)Company typeState-owned enterpriseIndustryPublic transportation. The developer and asset owner of the mass rapid transit & MRT Feeder BusesFoundedSeptember 2011; 12 years ago (2011-09)HeadquartersBukit Damansara, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaKey peopleVacant, Chairman Datuk Mohd Zarif Hashim, CEOProductsMass Rapid Transit systemServicesCurrent: 9 12Future: 13  RTS OwnerMinister of ...

2002 single by Christina Aguilera featuring RedmanDirrtySingle by Christina Aguilera featuring Redmanfrom the album Stripped B-sideI Will BeMake OverReleasedSeptember 3, 2002 (2002-09-03)Recorded2002StudioThe Enterprise (Burbank)Conway Recording (Hollywood)GenreR&Bhip hopLength4:58LabelRCASongwriter(s)Christina AguileraDana StinsonBalewa MuhammadReginald NobleProducer(s)Dana StinsonChristina AguileraBalewa MuhammadJasper CameronChristina Aguilera singles chronology Fal...

 

 

Elezioni presidenziali nelle Filippine del 2016Stato Filippine Data9 maggio Affluenza81,5% ( 7,2%) Candidati Rodrigo Duterte Mar Roxas Grace Poe Partiti Partito Democratico delle Filippine Partito Liberale delle Filippine Indipendente Voti 16.601.99738,99% 9.978.17523,43% 9.100.99121,37% Distribuzione del voto per provincia Presidente uscenteBenigno Aquino III 2010 2022 Le elezioni presidenziali nelle Filippine del 2016 si tennero il 9 maggio per l'elezione del Presidente e del Vicepres...