Medal of Freedom (1945)

Not to be confused with Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Medal of Freedom
Obverse and reverse of medal with palm device
TypeMedal
Awarded for"A meritorious act or service which has aided the United States in the prosecution of a war against an enemy or enemies and for which an award of another United States medal or decoration is considered inappropriate"
Country United States
Presented bythe Secretary of State, Secretary of War or Secretary of the Navy
EligibilityAny person not a member of the armed forces of the United States
StatusReplaced 22 February 1963 by Presidential Medal of Freedom[1]
Established1945
First awarded1945
Last awarded1962[2]
TotalOver 20,000
Ribbon bar of the medal
Precedence
Next (higher)Medal for Merit
Next (lower)unspecified

The Medal of Freedom was a decoration established by President Harry S. Truman to honor civilians whose actions aided in the war efforts of the United States and its allies during and beyond World War II. It was intended to be awarded by the secretary of state, the secretary of war, or the secretary of the navy, but presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy also authorized awards.[3] The first woman and American citizen to receive it was Anna M. Rosenberg by Robert P. Patterson on the recommendation of Eisenhower.[4][5]

Description

The medal is a bronze disc whose obverse features the profile of the Statue of Freedom of the US Capitol Building, with the word "FREEDOM" in capital letters in an arc at the bottom of the disc. The reverse features the Liberty Bell surrounded by the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in capital letters. The medal is suspended on a red ribbon with four thin white stripes. The original Executive Order 9586 establishing the medal specified "No more than one Medal of Freedom shall be awarded to any one person, but for a subsequent act or service justifying such an award a suitable device may be awarded to be worn with the medal"[6] and bronze, silver, and gold palm devices were produced and awarded. There is no evidence of U.S. citizens having received these palm devices, whereas some non-U.S. citizens did receive them (e.g. Micheline "Michou" Dumon, Nancy Wake and Andrée de Jongh), and the devices have been interpreted as signifying degrees of the award.[7][8]

Ribbons

Without palm

With bronze palm

With silver palm

With gold palm

See also

References

  1. ^ Kennedy, John F. (22 February 1963). "The Presidential Medal of Freedom". Executive Order 11085. United States Government. Retrieved 24 June 2015. The Medal of Freedom is hereby reestablished as the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with accompanying ribbons and appurtenances.
  2. ^ "Journal of the Orders & Medals Society of America; Volume 14, Issue 1" (PDF). OSMA. January 1963. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  3. ^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (24 June 1980). "Interview With the President Responses to Written Questions Submitted by the EFE Spanish News Agency". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  4. ^ "Anna Rosenberg, first woman to receive Medal of Freedom". jwa.org. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  5. ^ "Photo of Mrs. Anna Rosenberg being presented the Medal of Freedom by Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson". trumanlibrary.gov. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  6. ^ "Executive Orders Harry S. Truman 1945–1953". Trumanlibrary.org. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  7. ^ "The OMSA Medal Database – WWII Medal of Freedom". OMSA. 21 November 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  8. ^ "The OMSA Medal Database – Medal of Freedom with Gold Palm". OMSA. Retrieved 15 November 2011.

Read other articles:

Neel Kamal (1968 film)

This article is about 1968 film. For the 1947 film starring Madhubala, see Neel Kamal (1947 film). 1968 Indian filmNeel KamalFilm posterDirected byRam MaheshwariWritten byEla MaheshwariKidar SharmaVinay ChatterjeeScreenplay byPhani MajumdarStory byGulshan NandaProduced byPannalal MaheshwariStarringWaheeda RehmanManoj KumarRaaj KumarCinematographyFali MistryEdited byD. N. PaiMusic byRaviSahir Ludhianvi (lyrics)ProductioncompaniesFamous Cine Studios, Tardeo, MumbaiKalpanalokRelease date 21 ...

 

 

Gunadharma

Untuk nama universitas, lihat Universitas Gunadarma. Gunadharma atau Gunadarma adalah nama yang dikenal dalam legenda Jawa sebagai arsitek perancang Candi Borobudur,[1] Candi Buddha bersejarah dari abad ke-9 di Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Banyak sumber yang mengatakan bahwa ia berasal dari Karnataka, India Selatan. Sangat sedikit yang diketahui tentang arsitek misterius ini dari legenda Jawa.[2] Namanya lebih berdasarkan dongeng dan legenda Jawa dan bukan berdasarkan prasasti bers...

 

 

Book of Job

Book of the Bible For the Indian film also known as Book of Job, see Iyobinte Pustakam. Hebrew Bible (Judaism) Torah (Instruction)GenesisBereshitExodusShemotLeviticusWayiqraNumbersBemidbarDeuteronomyDevarim Nevi'im (Prophets) Former JoshuaYehoshuaJudgesShofetimSamuelShemuelKingsMelakhim Latter IsaiahYeshayahuJeremiahYirmeyahuEzekielYekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim (Writings) Poetic PsalmsTehillimProver...

Santa Clara University

Jesuit university in Santa Clara, California Santa Clara UniversityLatin: Universitas Santae ClaraeFormer namesSanta Clara College (1851), University of Santa Clara (1912–1984)MottoAd Majorem Dei Gloriam (Latin)Motto in EnglishFor the Greater Glory of GodTypePrivate universityEstablished1851; 173 years ago (1851)Religious affiliationCatholic Church (Jesuit)Academic affiliationsAJCU NAICU ACCUSpace-grantEndowment$1.47 billion (2022)[1]PresidentJulie SullivanPr...

 

 

Hulabila

2005 studio album by ChandrabindooHulabilaStudio album by ChandrabindooReleased2005GenreBengali BandLength37:09LabelSagarikaChandrabindoo chronology Juju Hulabila U/A Hulabila (Lit: Hullabaloo) is Bengali band Chandrabindoo's 7th studio album . It was released in 2005 by Sagarika.[1] Track list Hote Pare Cliche (Lyrics: Chandril / Music: Upal, Surajit) Kete Jaye Din (Lyrics: Anindya / Music: Upal) Timepass (Lyrics: Anindya / Music: Surajit) Thak Barong (Lyrics: Chandril / Musi...

 

 

Modèle:Palette Années en Turquie

v · m Années en Turquie Empire ottoman 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Turquie 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 19...

Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976

United States federal law TSCA redirects here. For the opera, see Tosca. For other uses, see Tosca (disambiguation). Toxic Substances Control ActLong titleAn Act to regulate commerce and protect human health and the environment by requiring testing and necessary use restrictions on certain chemical substances, and for other purposes.Acronyms (colloquial)TSCAEnacted bythe 94th United States CongressEffectiveOctober 11, 1976CitationsPublic law94-469Statutes at Large90 Stat. 2003C...

 

 

The Moving Picture World

The Moving Picture WorldSampul edisi 4 Januari 1913, menampilkan adegan dari A Sicilian Heroine, sebuah film ItaliaKategoriFilmHiburanTerbitan pertama1907Terbitan terakhirDesember 1927NegaraAmerika SerikatBerpusat diKota New YorkBahasaInggrisOCLC number1717051 The Moving Picture World, adalah sebuah jurnal awal perdagangan yang berpengaruh bagi industri film Amerika Serikat, dari tahun 1907 hingga 1927.[1] Sebuah jurnal besar di industri film pada puncaknya, Moving Picture World serin...

 

 

Division 2 1955-1956

Division 2 1955-1956 Competizione Division 2 Sport Calcio Edizione 17ª Luogo Francia Partecipanti 20 Formula Girone unico Risultati Vincitore Rennes(1º titolo) Promozioni RennesAngersValenciennes Statistiche Miglior marcatore Petrus van Rhijn (32) Cronologia della competizione 1954-1955 1956-1957 Manuale La stagione della Division 2 1955-1956 è stata la diciassettesima edizione della Division 2, la seconda divisione del calcio francese. È stata vinta dal Rennes, che conquista il suo...

Tennis court

Type of sports venue This article is about the sports venue. For other uses, see Tennis court (disambiguation). Indoor tennis courts at the University of Bath, England A tennis court is the venue where the sport of tennis is played. It is a firm rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the centre. The same surface can be used to play both doubles and singles matches. A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court, each with its own characteristics which affect the playi...

 

 

Clifford (nome)

Clifford è un nome proprio di persona inglese maschile[1][2][3] Indice 1 Varianti 2 Origine e diffusione 3 Onomastico 4 Persone 4.1 Varianti 5 Il nome nelle arti 6 Note 7 Voci correlate 8 Altri progetti Varianti Maschile: Clyfford[2], Clyford[2] Ipocoristici: Cliff[1][2][4], Clyff[2] Origine e diffusione Deriva dall'omonimo cognome inglese, che a sua volte trae origine da un toponimo antico inglese che significa letteral...

 

 

John Wayles Jefferson

Union Army colonel John Wayles JeffersonBornJohn Wayles Hemings(1835-05-08)May 8, 1835Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.DiedJune 12, 1892(1892-06-12) (aged 57)Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.Resting placeForest Hill Cemetery, Madison, WisconsinOccupation(s)Hotelier, cotton broker, journalistParentsEston Hemings (father)Julia Ann Isaacs (mother)RelativesSally Hemings (grandmother)Military careerAllegiance United StatesService/branch U.S. Army (Union Army)Years of service1861–1864Rank...

威廉·麦克马洪

此條目部分链接不符合格式手冊規範。跨語言链接及章節標題等處的链接可能需要清理。 (2015年12月11日)請協助改善此條目。參見WP:LINKSTYLE、WP:MOSIW以了解細節。突出显示跨语言链接可以便于检查。 少校 閣下威廉·麦克马洪 爵士Sir William McMahonGCMG CH 第20任澳大利亚总理任期1971年3月10日—1972年12月5日君主伊丽莎白二世总督保罗·哈斯拉克爵士副职道格·安东尼前任约翰·戈顿...

 

 

马哈茂德·艾哈迈迪内贾德

馬哈茂德·艾哈迈迪-内贾德محمود احمدی‌نژاد第6任伊朗總統任期2005年8月3日—2013年8月3日副总统帷爾維茲·達烏迪穆罕默德-禮薩·拉希米领袖阿里·哈梅內伊前任穆罕默德·哈塔米继任哈桑·魯哈尼不结盟运动秘书长任期2012年8月30日—2013年8月3日前任穆罕默德·穆尔西继任哈桑·魯哈尼德黑蘭市長任期2003年6月20日—2005年8月3日副职阿里·賽義德盧前任哈桑·馬利克邁達尼�...

 

 

2016年美國總統選舉

2016年美國總統選舉 ← 2012 2016年11月8日 2020 → 538個選舉人團席位獲勝需270票民意調查投票率55.7%[1][2] ▲ 0.8 %   获提名人 唐納·川普 希拉莉·克林頓 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 紐約州 紐約州 竞选搭档 迈克·彭斯 蒂姆·凱恩 选举人票 304[3][4][註 1] 227[5] 胜出州/省 30 + 緬-2 20 + DC 民選得票 62,984,828[6] 65,853,514[6]...

Подгоренский район

муниципальный районПодгоренский район Флаг Герб 50°24′16″ с. ш. 39°39′00″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Входит в Воронежскую область Включает 16 муниципальных образований Адм. центр пгт Подгоренский Глава администрации Данилов Максим Юрьевич История и географ...

 

 

Charles Gordon-Lennox, 11th Duke of Richmond

British aristocrat Charles March redirects here. For the FTC chair, see Charles H. March. His GraceThe Duke of RichmondCBE DLThe Duke in 2011BornCharles Henry Gordon-Lennox (1955-01-08) 8 January 1955 (age 69)Title11th Duke of Richmond11th Duke of Lennox11th Duke of Aubigny6th Duke of Gordon etcSpouses Sally Clayton ​ ​(m. 1976; div. 1989)​ Hon. Janet Elizabeth Astor ​ ​(m. 1991)​ Children5ParentsCharles G...

 

 

Sarah Bernhardt

French stage actress (1844–1923) This article is about the French stage actress. For the American comedienne/actress, see Sandra Bernhard. For the episode of an adventure series, see Sarah Bernhardt (Lucky Luke). Sarah BernhardtBernhardt in 1880BornHenriette-Rosine Bernard22 October 1844Paris, Kingdom of FranceDied26 March 1923(1923-03-26) (aged 78)Paris, Third French RepublicResting placePère Lachaise CemeteryOccupationActressYears active1862–1923Spouse Ambroise Aristide Damal...

John Smoltz

American baseball player and sportscaster (born 1967) Baseball player John SmoltzSmoltz in 2016PitcherBorn: (1967-05-15) May 15, 1967 (age 57)Warren, Michigan, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutJuly 23, 1988, for the Atlanta BravesLast MLB appearanceSeptember 30, 2009, for the St. Louis CardinalsMLB statisticsWin–loss record213–155Earned run average3.33Strikeouts3,084Saves154 Teams Atlanta Braves (1988–1999, 2001–2008) Boston Red Sox (2009) St. L...

 

 

Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects

Hitchcock c. 1960s The following is a partial list of unproduced Alfred Hitchcock projects, in roughly chronological order. During a career that spanned more than half a century, Alfred Hitchcock directed over fifty films, and worked on a number of others which never made it beyond the pre-production stage. Number 13 (1922) Main article: Number 13 (1922 film) This was to be Hitchcock's directorial debut, after working in the art department on twelve films previously, but budgetary problems c...