Maynard M. Metcalf

Professor Metcalf (Smithsonian Archives)

Maynard Mayo Metcalf (12 March 1868 – 19 April 1940) was an American biologist and a professor of zoology at Johns Hopkins University. He was the only biologist who was allowed to testify in the Scopes Trial. Metcalf specialized in protozoal parasites which he examined in a wide range of hosts and was especially interested in the Opalinidae.

Life and work

Metcalf was born in Elyria, Ohio to Eliab Wight and Eliza Mary (Ely) Metcalf. The family was of English ancestry and an early settler had been a tapestry manufacturer.[1] He was educated at Oberlin College, receiving a BA (1889) and later a ScD (1914). His doctoral research (1893) was at Johns Hopkins University under W. K. Brooks. He then taught at the Goucher Women's College until 1906 after which he joined Oberlin College. He spent two years in Europe, first at Wurzburg with Theodor Boveri, then in Berlin followed by some time at the Naples Biological Station. He left Oberlin in 1914 and began private research at La Jolla, California until 1924. He spent two years at the National Research Council and from 1926 to 1933 he was a research associate with the rank of professor of zoology at Johns Hopkins University.[2]

Metcalf's main areas of interest were the biology and development of gastropods and tunicates (including salps[3]), with a later focus on the protozoa.[2][4] He supported the idea of orthogenetic evolution and directed mutations.[5][6][7] He also supported the view that the distribution of related organisms with disjunct distributions could be explained the existence of former land bridges and argued with examples of some amphibian distributions (based on the relatedness of protozoan parasites, he claimed that the Leptodactylidae of South America were related to frogs in Australasia[8]) on the basis of ideas proposed by William Diller Matthew aided by his supposed phylogeny of the protozoan parasites of the amphibians.[9][10][11][12]

Scopes trial

In 1925 Metcalf was an expert witness called to testify in the Scopes trial. He called himself "frankly Christian"[2] but supported at least some aspects of evolution. When asked what he thought about Bishop Ussher's origin of life estimate of 6,000 years he suggested that he would prefer “a very modest guess” of 600,000,000 years. H.L. Mencken who was then reporting on the case for the Baltimore Evening Sun noted that Metcalf's testimony was a most succinct and eloquent support for evolution, he stated that “A word or two and he was howling down the wind. Another and he hauled up to discharge a broadside. There was no cocksureness in him. Instead he was rather cautious and deprecatory and sometimes he halted and confessed his ignorance. But what he got over when he finished was a superb counterblast to the fundamentalist buncombe.”[13] Metcalf was critical of a literal interpretation of the scriptures and believed that there was a way to balance Christian thought and science without having to discard the teaching of evolution.[14] In 1934 Metcalf wrote an essay on examples of what he claimed supported "intelligent design".[15]

Personal life

Metcalf married Ella Wilder in 1890 and they had a daughter. While at Woodshole, he suffered a stroke and lived in Florida until his death four years later.[16]

References

  1. ^ Metcalf, Marion (1898). Metcalf Genealogy. Cleveland, The Imperial press. p. 45.
  2. ^ a b c Budington, Robert A. (1940). "Maynard Mayo Metcalf". Science. 91 (2369): 494–495. Bibcode:1940Sci....91..494B. doi:10.1126/science.91.2369.494. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1666682. PMID 17847440.
  3. ^ Metcalf, Maynard Mayo; Bell, Mary M. (1918). "The Salpidae: a taxonomic study" (PDF). Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 100 (2): 5–193.
  4. ^ Metcalf, Maynard M. (1940). "Further studies on the opalinid ciliate infusorians and their hosts" (PDF). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum. 87 (3077): 465–634. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.87-3077.465.
  5. ^ Metcalf, Maynard M. (1928). "Trends in evolution: A discussion of data bearing upon orthogenesis". Journal of Morphology. 45 (1): 1–45. doi:10.1002/jmor.1050450102. ISSN 0362-2525. S2CID 85173459.
  6. ^ Metcalf, Maynard M. (1913). "Adaptation Through Natural Selection and Orthogenesis". The American Naturalist. 47 (554): 65–71. doi:10.1086/279329. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 85258774.
  7. ^ Metcalf, Maynard M. (1905-03-03). "Determinate Mutation". Science. 21 (531): 355–356. Bibcode:1905Sci....21..355M. doi:10.1126/science.21.531.355. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17733598.
  8. ^ Metcalf, Maynard M. (1923). "The Origin and Distribution of the Anura". The American Naturalist. 57 (652): 385–411. doi:10.1086/279933. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 84187641.
  9. ^ Metcalf, Maynard M. (1920). "Upon an Important Method of Studying Problems of Relationship and of Geographical Distribution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 6 (7): 432–433. Bibcode:1920PNAS....6..432M. doi:10.1073/pnas.6.7.432. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1084567. PMID 16576514.
  10. ^ Metcalf, Maynard M. (1929). Parasites and the aid they give in problems of taxonomy, geographical distribution and paleogeography. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Volume 81. Number 8 (PDF). Smithsonian Institution.
  11. ^ Metcalf, Maynard M. (1918). "Opalina and the origin of the ciliate Infusoria". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 8 (13): 427–431. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.6489. ISSN 0043-0439. JSTOR 24521407.
  12. ^ Hegner, Robert (1940). "The Contributions of Maynard M. Metcalf to Protozoology". The Journal of Parasitology. 26 (6): 523–524. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3272255.
  13. ^ Mencken, H. L. (1925). "Journalist H.L. Mencken's Account of the Scopes Trial". Digital History. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  14. ^ Metcalf, Maynard M. (1925). "The Truth of Evolution". The Scientific Monthly. 21 (3): 291–295. Bibcode:1925SciMo..21..291M. ISSN 0096-3771.
  15. ^ Metcalf, Maynard M. (1934). "Intelligent Plan in Nature, Evidence from Animals". The Scientific Monthly. 38 (6): 547–553. Bibcode:1934SciMo..38..547M. ISSN 0096-3771. JSTOR 15494.
  16. ^ Budington, R. A. (1941). "Maynard Mayo Metcalf". Bios. 12 (2): 75–78. ISSN 0005-3155. JSTOR 4604559.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maynard Mayo Metcalf.

Read other articles:

Ngabab, Pujon, Malang

Ngabab adalah sebuah desa di wilayah Kecamatan Pujon, Kabupaten Malang, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Saat ini desa Ngabab mulai berkembang menjadi desa wisata edukasi. Pemerintah desa berupaya mengembangkan potensi desa sebagai ikon desa wisata edukasi. Potensi yang ditawarkan desa ini adalah edukasi tentang bercocok tanam (bertani dan berkebun), perah susu sapi dan pengolahannya, wisata gunung dworowati, pemandian Dewi Sri, wisata religi Watu Gilang dan beragam produk olahan UMKM. Keseluruhan hasil ...

 

Annie Edson Taylor

Annie Edson TaylorAnnie Taylor berpose di sebelah barrelnyaLahir(1838-10-24)24 Oktober 1838Auburn, New York, ASMeninggal29 April 1921(1921-04-29) (umur 82)Lockport, New York, ASKebangsaanAmerika SerikatPekerjaanguruDikenal atasterjun ke Air Terjun Niagara memakai sebuah barrel pada 24 Oktober 1901 Annie Edson Taylor (24 Oktober 1838 – 29 April 1921) adalah seorang guru sekolah yang, pada hari ulang tahunnya, 24 Oktober 1901, menjadi orang pertama yang berhasil selamat sa...

 

Candy Candy

Candy CandyCandice WhiteGenreroman, sejarah MangaPengarangKyoko Mizuki (cerita) Yumiko Igarashi (ilustrasi)Penerbit Kodansha, ChuokoronshaPenerbit bahasa IndonesiaElex Media KomputindoDemografiShōjo AnimeSutradaraTetsuo ImazawaStudioToei Animation Film animeCandy Candy: The Call of Spring/The May FestivalSutradaraNoboru ShiroyamaStudioToei Animation Film animeCandy Candy's Summer VacationSutradaraYukio KazamaStudioToei Animation Film animeCandy Candy the MovieSutradaraTetsuo ImazawaStudioToe...

Treaty of Constantinople (1832)

Treaty setting territory of new Kingdom of Greece This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's lead section may be too long. Please read the length guidelines and help move details into the article's body. (July 2021) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may ...

 

Taping knife

This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Taping knives and hawk A taping knife or joint knife is a drywall tool with a wide blade for spreading joint compound, also known as mud. It can be used to spread mud over nail and screw indents in new drywall appl...

 

Franz Liszt

Vous lisez un « bon article » labellisé en 2007. « Liszt » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir Liszt (homonymie). Franz Liszt Franz Liszt en 1858. Données clés Nom de naissance Liszt Ferenc Naissance 22 octobre 1811 Doborján, Hongrie( Empire d'Autriche) Décès 31 juillet 1886 (à 74 ans) Bayreuth, Bavière( Empire allemand) Activité principale Compositeur, pianiste et chef d'orchestre Style Musique romantique Activités annexes Écrivain...

Urakawa, Hokkaido

Urakawa 浦河町KotaprajaPelabuhan Urakawa BenderaEmblemLokasi Urakawa di Hokkaido (Subprefektur Hidaka)UrakawaLokasi di JepangKoordinat: 42°10′N 142°46′E / 42.167°N 142.767°E / 42.167; 142.767Koordinat: 42°10′N 142°46′E / 42.167°N 142.767°E / 42.167; 142.767NegaraJepangWilayahHokkaidoPrefektur Hokkaido (Subprefektur Hidaka)DistrikUrakawaPemerintahan • WalikotaHiraku IkedaLuas • Total694,24 km2 ...

 

Curtiss A-8

Curtiss A-8DescrizioneTipoAereo da attacco al suolo Equipaggio2 ProgettistaDon Berlin Costruttore Curtiss-Wright Data ordine1930 Data primo vologiugno 1931 Data entrata in servizioaprile 1932 Utilizzatore principale USAAF Esemplari13 Altre variantiCurtiss YA-10 ShrikeCurtiss A-12 Shrike Dimensioni e pesiLunghezza9,75 m (32 ft 0 in) Apertura alare13,41 m (44 ft 0 in) Altezza2,74 m (9 ft 0 in) Superficie alare23,78 m² (256 ft²) Peso a vuo...

 

Union County, New Mexico

County in New Mexico, United States County in New MexicoUnion CountyCountyUnion County Courthouse in ClaytonLocation within the U.S. state of New MexicoNew Mexico's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 36°29′N 103°28′W / 36.48°N 103.47°W / 36.48; -103.47Country United StatesState New MexicoFoundedJanuary 1, 1894SeatClaytonLargest townClaytonArea • Total3,831 sq mi (9,920 km2) • Land3,824 sq mi (9,900...

Apple ProDOS

Operating system on Apple II series computers This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Apple ProDOS – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Operating system ProDOS 8A floppy disk catalog in ProDOS 8 v2.0.3DeveloperApple ComputerWritten ...

 

دوري كرة القدم الإسكتلندي الدرجة الثانية 2000–01

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) دوري كرة القدم الإسكتلندي الدرجة الثانية 2000–01 تفاصيل الموسم دوري كرة القدم الاسكتلندي الدرجة الثانية...

 

Gerhard Weikum

German computer scientist Gerhard WeikumGerhard WeikumBorn (1957-09-28) September 28, 1957 (age 66)Frankfurt, GermanyNationalityGermanAlma materTU DarmstadtKnown forDatabase systems and Knowledge GraphsAwardsKonrad Zuse Medal (2021)E. F. Codd Award (2016)ACM Fellow (2005)Scientific careerFieldsComputer ScienceInstitutionsETH ZurichSaarland UniversityMPI InformaticsDoctoral advisorHans-Jörg Schek Gerhard Weikum (born September 28, 1957) is a German computer scientist and Resear...

Natonin

Peta menunjukan lokasi Natonin Data sensus penduduk di Natonin Tahun Populasi Persentase 19958.997—20009.0650.16%20079.4310.55% Natonin adalah munisipalitas yang terletak di provinsi Bulubundukin, Filipina. Pada tahun 2007, munisipalitas ini memiliki populasi sebesar 9.431 jiwa atau 1.7686 rumah tangga. Pembagian wilayah Natonin terbagi menjadi 11 barangay, yaitu: Alunogan Balangao Banao Banawel Butac Maducayan Poblacion Saliok Santa Isabel Tonglayan Pudo Tempat-tempat menarik Beberapa temp...

 

David Julius

David JuliusDavid Julius memegang bola python. 2016Lahir04 November 1955 (umur 68)Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, New YorkKebangsaanAmerika SerikatAlmamaterInstitut Teknologi MassachusettsUniversitas California, BerkeleyKarier ilmiahBidangFisiologiInstitusiUniversitas California, San FranciscoPembimbing doktoralJeremy ThornerRandy SchekmanPembimbing akademik lainRichard Axel[1] David J. Julius (lahir 4 November 1955) adalah seorang ahli fisiologi Amerika Serikat. Ia adalah profes...

 

Lahti L-35

Semi-automatic pistol L1935 Lahti Pistol TypeSemi-automatic pistolPlace of originFinlandService historyUsed byFinland SwedenWarsWinter War World War II Continuation War Lapland WarProduction historyDesignerAimo LahtiDesigned1929ManufacturerValtion Kivääritehdas (1935–1945)Valmet (1946–1952) Husqvarna VapenfabriksProduced1935-1951No. builtc.98,700SpecificationsMass1,250 g (2.76 lb) loadedLength23.5 cm (9.3 in)Barrel length11.8 cm (4.6...

Kyrkslätts svenska församling

Nordöstra hörnet av Kyrkslätts kyrkaMasaby kyrkas södra fasadKyrkslätts svenska församling är en församling i Mellersta Nylands prosteri inom Borgå stift i Evangelisk-lutherska kyrkan i Finland. Församlingen samlar de 5 489 svenskspråkiga kyrkomedlemmarna (08/2018)[1] i Kyrkslätt. Kyrkoherde i församlingen sedan 1.7.2021 är Fred Wilén. Historia Församlingen är omnämnd 1240, och de äldsta delarna av Kyrkslätts kyrka, helgad åt ärkeängeln Mikael, härstammar från slutet ...

 

1892 United States presidential election in Minnesota

Main article: 1892 United States presidential election 1892 United States presidential election in Minnesota ← 1888 November 8, 1892 1896 →   Nominee Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland Party Republican Democratic Home state Indiana New York Running mate Whitelaw Reid Adlai Stevenson I Electoral vote 9 0 Popular vote 122,823 100,920 Percentage 45.96% 37.76%   Nominee James B. Weaver John Bidwell Party Fusion Prohibition Alliance Populist Hom...

 

Mai Villadsen

Danish politician (born 1991) Mai Minna VilladsenMPVilladsen in 2022Political spokesperson of the Red–Green AllianceIn office10 February 2021 – 22 August 2023Preceded byPernille SkipperSucceeded byPelle DragstedMember of the FolketingIncumbentAssumed office 5 June 2019ConstituencyNorth Zealand Personal detailsBorn (1991-12-21) 21 December 1991 (age 32)Kibæk, DenmarkPolitical partyRed–Green AllianceAlma materGefion Gymnasium Mai Minna Villadsen (born 26 December 1991) ...

Shobaraj

Indian film actor For the 1986 film, see Shobhraj. ShobarajShobaraj in 2007 film PreethigaagiBornKarnataka, IndiaNationalityIndianOther namesShobhrajCitizenshipIndiaOccupationFilm actor Shobaraj is an Indian actor in the Kannada film industry.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Some of his notable films include Yajamana (2000), Shabdavedhi (2000), Police Story (1996), and Sangliyana Part-3 (1997). Career Shobaraj has been part of more than 250 Ka...

 

Dominican War of Independence

Armed conflict between Dominican Republic and the Haiti from 1844–56 Dominican War of IndependenceDate27 February 1844 – 24 January 1856(11 years, 10 months and 28 days) 1st campaign:10 March – 3 May 1844(1 month, 3 weeks and 2 days) 2nd campaign:6 August 1845 – 27 February 1846(6 months and 3 weeks) 3rd campaign:9 March – 22 April 1849(1 month, 1 week and 6 days) 4th campaign:November 1855 – January 1856(2 months)Locatio...