Maurice Gross

Maurice Gross. Photo by Vera Mercer
Maurice Gross

Maurice Gross (born 21 July 1934 in Sedan, Ardennes department; died 8 December 2001 in Paris) was a French linguist[1][2] and scholar of Romance languages. Beginning in the late 1960s he developed Lexicon-Grammar, a method of formal description of languages with practical applications.[3]

Biography

Gross worked on automatic translation at the École Polytechnique without prior training in linguistics. This led in 1961 to a scholarship to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he met Noam Chomsky and became acquainted with Generative grammar.[4] After returning to France, he worked as a computer scientist at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). In 1964 he went a second time to the United States, this time to the University of Pennsylvania, where he worked with Zellig S. Harris, whom he thereafter regarded as his linguistic foster father. He received his research PhD at the Sorbonne in 1967 with his dissertation L'Analyse formelle comparée des complétives en français et en anglais ("Comparative formal analysis of complements in French and English"). He went on as a lecturer at the University of Aix-en-Provence, where he worked with Jean Stefanini. In 1969 he received his teaching doctorate (habilitation) at the University of Paris with defense of his thesis Lexique des constructions complétives, published under the title Méthodes en syntaxe (Paris : Hermann, 1975). He was appointed professor at the new University of Vincennes (which was later Paris VIII), then at the University of Paris VII.

In 1968, he founded the Laboratoire d'Automatique Documentaire et Linguistique (LADL, the CNRS), and in 1977 the journal Lingvisticae Investigationes.

At the age of 67, while completing an essay explicating a fundamental principle in the work of his mentor,[5] Maurice Gross succumbed to bone cancer.

Contributions

Gross's work, and that of the LADL, gives priority to the principles of methodological rigor, respect for data, empirical observation, comprehensive coverage of a language, and reproducibility of experiments.[6][7] A systematic description of simple sentences of French[8] yielded a dictionary based on the syntax[1][7] identifying properties of words salient for parsing and grammatical tagging,[1] and providing a reasoned and detailed classification of most of the elements of the French language.[6][7] Indeed, before generative grammar adopted the Projection Principle or the Theta criterion, Gross had undertaken the systematic investigation of the interdependence of lexical entries and grammatical rules.[9] It was for this reason that his methods and results were given the name lexicon-grammar. His students have verified this working hypothesis in many typologically diverse languages, including not only Romance languages and German, but also Modern Greek, Korean, Arabic,[9] Malagasy, and other languages.

The work of the LADL was greatly enhanced by the use of computers, beginning in the 1980s.[2] One result was a morpho-syntactic "electronic dictionary" of French.[8] In parallel, taking finite automata as the competence model of language,[1] Gross developed the concept of local grammar.[10] Local grammars, consisting of finite automata coupled with morpho-syntactic dictionaries, support automatic text analysis[6][10] by the closed-source Intex software [1] developed by Max Silberztein and, after Maurice Gross's life by the open source Unitex [2] conceived by the Gaspard-Monge Computer Science Laboratory (LIGM) and the open source NooJ [3] software developed at the Université de Franche-Comté.

Concurrently, Gross was working on problems that he considered fundamental to linguistics, although they had long been neglected in the field, such as lexical ambiguity, idioms and collocations, and "support verb" constructions.[10] In 1976 he discovered the "double scan" property of certain support verb constructions,[10] which systematically identifies idioms.[1][10] Gross's computer-assisted research on large amounts of linguistic material led to a picture of language as an instrument that is freely manipulated yet highly constrained idiomatically,[10] a result that is consistent with the distinction between the Idiom Principle and the Open Choice Principle found by corpus linguist John McHardy Sinclair (1933 -2007).[11] Gross described the organization of language as a lexicon-grammar,[12] and argued that any grammar must fail if its formalization fails to take into account its dependence on the lexicon.[13] He demonstrated that to fully describe a language one must collect a huge quantity of tagged word combinations.

The facts registered in the dictionaries and grammars resulting from such collection are useful for natural language processing and in particular for deep linguistic processing.

Gross's students include Alain Guillet, Christian Leclère, Gilles Fauconnier, Morris Salkoff, Joëlle Gardes [fr], Bertrand du Castel, Annibale Elia, Jean-Pierre Sueur, Laurence Danlos, Hong Chai-song, Cheng Ting-au, Claude Muller, Eric Laporte, Denis Maurel, Max Silberztein, Tita Kyriacopoulou, Elisabete Ranchhod, Anne Abeillé, Mehryar Mohri, Emmanuel Roche, Nam Jee-sun, Jean Senellart, and Cédrick Fairon.[14]

Selected writings

A complete bibliography of the writings of Maurice Gross is available. Below is a brief selection.

As author

Papers
  • (1979) "On the failure of generative grammar". Language. Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, 55:4.859–885. ISSN 0097-8507.
  • 1981. "Les bases empiriques de la notion de prédicat sémantique". Langages, 63, pp. 7-52.
  • (1993) "Les phrases figées en français". L'information grammaticale, 59.36–41. ISSN 0222-9838.
  • 1994. "Constructing Lexicon-Grammars". Computational Approaches to the Lexicon, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 213-263.
  • 1997. "The Construction of Local Grammars". Finite-State Language Processing, The MIT Press, pp. 329-352.
  • "Etat du lexique-grammaire du français et perspectives d'extension". In: Sylvain Auroux et al. (Eds.): History of the Language Sciences, Vol. 3. De Gruyter, Berlin 2006, pp. 2122–2129. ISBN 978-3-11-016736-8.
Monographs
  1. Syntaxe du verbe. 1986. ISBN 2-86973-000-4 (EA Paris 1968).
  2. Syntaxe du nom. 1986. ISBN 2-86973-001-2 (EA Paris 1977).
  3. Syntaxe de l’adverbe. 1990. ISBN 2-908708-00-0.
  • Introduction to formal grammars (Tr. by Morris Salkoff of Notions sur les grammaires formelles, 1967). Springer, Heidelberg (1970) (with André Lentin)[15] ISBN 3-540-05201-1.
  • Mathematical models in linguistics. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1972).

As editor

  • Syntaxe transformationnelle du français (Langue Française; Vol. 11). Larousse, Paris 1971 (with Jean Stéfanini).
  • Méthodes en grammaire française (Initiation à la Linguistique/B; Bd. 6). Klincksieck, Paris 1976 (with Jean-Claude Chevalier).
  • Études de syntaxe française (Langue Française; Vol. 39). Larousse, Paris 1978 (with Christian Leclère)
  • Grammaire et histoire de la grammaire. Hommage à la mémoire de Jean Stéfanini. Universität, Aix-en-Provence 1988 (with Claire Blanche-Benveniste and André Chervel).

Memorials cited

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Dougherty, Ray. 2001. Maurice Gross Memorial Letter.
  2. ^ a b Jean-Claude Chevalier, "Maurice Gross, un grand linguiste", Le Monde, 12 décembre 2001.
  3. ^ Laporte, E. 2004. "Restructuration and the subject of adjectives". Syntax, Lexis and Lexicon-Grammar. Papers in honour of Maurice Gross. Lingvisticae Investigationes Supplementa Series, vol. 24, John Benjamins Publishing Co., Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 373–388.
  4. ^ Hamans, C. 2015. « How generative grammar landed in Europe », in Gerda Haßler (org.), Metasprachliche Reflexion und Diskontinuität. Wendeunkte - Krisenzeiten – Umbrüche, Münster: Nodus, pp. 239-265, ISBN 978-3-89323-017-4.
  5. ^ Gross, M. (2002) "Consequences of the metalanguage being included in the language", in B. Nevin (Ed.) The Legacy of Zellig Harris: Language and information into the 21st century, vol. 1: Philosophy of science, syntax, and semantics, John Benjamins Publishing Co., Amsterdam/Philadelphia, pp. 57–68.
  6. ^ a b c Lamiroy, Béatrice. 2003. « In memoriam Maurice Gross », Travaux de linguistique 46:1, pp. 145-158.
  7. ^ a b c Perrin, Dominique. 2002. "In memoriam Maurice Gross".
  8. ^ a b Michel Delamar, « Maurice Gross » Archived 2006-12-06 at the Wayback Machine, 12 décembre 2001.
  9. ^ a b Lamiroy 2003.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Ibrahim, Amr Helmy. 2002. "Maurice Gross (1934-2001). À la mémoire de Maurice Gross". Hermès 34.
  11. ^ Seretan, Violeta (2011) Syntax-based collocation extraction. Text, speech and language technology series 44, Springer Verlag, p. 18.
  12. ^ Gross (1994, 2006).
  13. ^ Gross, M. 1979. "On the failure of Generative Grammar" Language 55:4.859-885.
  14. ^ List of theses directed by Maurice Gross.
  15. ^ Translated also into German, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish.

Read other articles:

Strada statale 210 Fermana-Faleriense

Strada Statale 210Denominazioni precedentiStrada provinciale 239 LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regioni Marche Province Fermo DatiClassificazioneStrada statale InizioSS16 presso Porto San Giorgio FineSS78 presso Amandola Lunghezza55,164[1] km Provvedimento di istituzioneD.M. 22/05/1958 - G.U. 180 del 26/07/1958[2] GestoreANAS (fino al 2001); Provincia di Ascoli Piceno (fino al 2010); Provincia di Fermo (fino al 2018); ANAS (dal 2018) dal km. 0,700 al km. 3,160 e dal...

 

 

Islam di Azerbaijan

Islam menurut negara Afrika Aljazair Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Kamerun Tanjung Verde Republik Afrika Tengah Chad Komoro Republik Demokratik Kongo Republik Kongo Djibouti Mesir Guinea Khatulistiwa Eritrea Eswatini Etiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Pantai Gading Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagaskar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Maroko Mozambik Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome dan Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland Afrika Selatan ...

 

 

Keuskupan Venice

Keuskupan Venice di FloridaDioecesis Venetiae in FloridaKatolik LokasiNegaraAmerika SerikatWilayahCharlotte, Collier, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Lee, Manatee, dan SarasotaProvinsi gerejawiProvinsi MiamiPopulasi- Katolik245,000 (12.4%)InformasiDenominasiKatolik RomaGereja sui iurisGereja LatinRitusRitus RomaPendirian16 Juni 1984KatedralKatedral EpifaniPelindungBunda RahmatSanto Markus PenginjilKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskupFrank Joseph DewaneUskup agungThom...

Dave Benton

Dave BentonDave Benton pada 2009Informasi latar belakangNama lahirEfrén Eugene BenitaLahir31 Januari 1951 (umur 73)Oranjestad, ArubaGenrePop Dave Benton (lahir 31 Januari 1951), nama lahir Efrén Eugene Benita) adalah seorang musisi pop asal Aruba yang tinggal di Estonia. Ia adalah pemenang tahun 2001 dari Kontes Lagu Eurovision. Pranala luar Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Dave Benton. Dave Benton[pranala nonaktif permanen] at Yahoo! Music Dave Benton at Estonian Band...

 

 

Perang Armenia-Azerbaijan

Perang Armenia-AzerbaijanBagian dari Perang Dunia I dan Perang Saudara RusiaTanggalMaret 1918-1920LokasiArmenia dan AzerbaijanHasil Permasalahan teritori Karabakh diserahkan pada AzerbaijanPihak terlibat  Armenia Republik Demokratik Armenia  Nagorno-Karabakh Pemberontak Nagorno-Karabakh Hanya untuk Pertempuran Baku:  Britania Raya Kediktatoran Sentrokaspia  Azerbaijan SSR  Azerbaijan Republik Demokratik Azerbaijan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah   Republik Soviet Sosi...

 

 

ما قبل الرفائيلية

ما قبل الرفائيليةمعلومات عامةالفترة الزمنية العصر الفيكتوري البداية 1848 المؤسس ويليام هنت — جون إيفرت ميليه — دانتي جابرييل روزيتي التأثيراتتأثرت بـ جون راسكن تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات لوحة بروسيربن للفنان دانتي جابرييل روزيتي دانتي وبياتريس في الحديقة ، 1903...

SimCity 2000

SimCity 2000 Publikasi 1993 1994 (Amiga, DOS)1995 (SNES, Saturn, Windows)1996 (PlayStation)1998 (N64) 2003 (GBA)2008 (PSN) GenrePembangunan kotaLatar tempatSim City universe (en) EponimSimCity (en) dan 2000 Karakteristik teknisPlatformSega Saturn, PlayStation, Windows, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo 64, Acorn Archimedes, DOS, Amiga 1200 (en), macOS, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Classic Mac OS, MS-DOS, Amiga dan Windows Mobile ModePermainan video pemain tunggal Formatdisket, unduhan digita...

 

 

Kidung Agung 5

Kidung Agung 5Ilustrasi dari ayat pertama Kidung Agung, seorang pemusik memainkan musik di hadapan raja Salomo (Rothschild Mahzor, abad ke-15 M).KitabKitab Kidung AgungKategoriKetuvimBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen22← pasal 4 pasal 6 → Kidung Agung 5 (disingkat Kid 5) adalah bagian dari Kitab Kidung Agung dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen.[1][2] Digubah oleh raja Salomo, putra raja Daud.[3] Teks Naska...

 

 

Mr. Toad's Wild Ride

Mr. Toad's Wild Ride est une attraction des parcs Disney américains. Elle présente, sous la forme d'un parcours scénique, des séquences d'une section du dessin animé Le Crapaud et le maître d'école. Cette attraction est l'une des rares attractions présentes à l'ouverture du parc Disneyland en 1955 et encore ouverte. Elle fut dupliquée au Magic Kingdom mais malgré une longue campagne de protestation, le Voyage de crapaud pour nulle part en particulier y fut fermée en 1998 et rempl...

Династия ранних Ле

Храм Ле Дай-ханя в бывшей столице Хоалы История Вьетнама Доисторические времена от 500 тыс. лет до н. э. Древние вьетские племена и царства от 1 тыс. лет до н. э. Аувьеты, лаквьеты, династия Хонг-банг, королевство Ванланг до 257 до н. э. Государство Аулак 257—20...

 

 

شمال أكتون (محطة مترو أنفاق لندن)

شمال أكتونمدخل المحطةمعلومات عامةالتقسيم الإداري إيلنغ البلد  المملكة المتحدة شبكة المواصلات مترو لندن الخطوط الخط المركزي المحطات المجاورة شرق أكتون[1]على الخط: الخط المركزيباتجاه: إيبينغ — هانغر لين[1]على الخط: الخط المركزيباتجاه: غرب روسليب — غرب أكتون[1 ...

 

 

فيرينتشانكا (تشيرنيفيتسكا)

فيرينتشانكا تقسيم إداري البلد أوكرانيا  [1] خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 48°32′38″N 25°44′35″E / 48.543888888889°N 25.743055555556°E / 48.543888888889; 25.743055555556   الارتفاع 218 متر  معلومات أخرى التوقيت ت ع م+02:00 (توقيت قياسي)،  وت ع م+03:00 (توقيت صيفي)  الرمز البريدي 59420  الرمز الجغر...

Remezcla

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Remezcla – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Lear...

 

 

Pansexual flag

Flag used by the pansexual community Pansexual flagUseSymbol of pansexuality to distinguish it from bisexualityProportion3:5Adopted2010DesignThree equally-sized horizontal bars: pink, yellow, cyanDesigned byJasper V. Part of the LGBT seriesLGBT symbols       Symbols Pink triangle Black triangle Labrys Lambda Handkerchief code Pride flags Rainbow Rainbow crossing Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Pansexual Intersex Aromantic Asexual Non-binary Bear Leather vte...

 

 

Liquéfaction

La liquéfaction est un changement d'état qui fait passer un corps de l'état gazeux à l'état liquide. Elle est la transformation inverse de la vaporisation. Bien qu'incorrect selon la terminologie de la thermodynamique[1], le terme condensation (liquide) est couramment utilisé à la place. Elle peut se produire par compression ou refroidissement d'un gaz. La première industrialisation du procédé par détente de Joule-Thomson est due à Carl von Linde. Description Ruines de l'usine de ...

William Gush

English painter This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: William Gush – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2012) Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, of Kars by William Gush (Province House (Nova Scotia)) William Gush (23 April 1813 – 28 February 1888) was an English port...

 

 

حسين علي زين

حسين علي زين   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 27 يناير 1995 (العمر 29 سنة)صيدا  الطول 1.76 م (5 قدم 9 1⁄2 بوصة) مركز اللعب مدافع الجنسية لبنان  معلومات النادي النادي الحالي العهد الرقم 6 مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق العهد المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 2012– العهد 109 (10) ال�...

 

 

BTV World

BTV's satellite service Television channel BTV Worldবিটিভি ওয়ার্ল্ডLogo of BTV WorldCountryBangladeshBroadcast areaWorldwideHeadquartersRampura, DhakaProgrammingLanguage(s)BengaliOwnershipOwnerGovernment of BangladeshParentBangladesh TelevisionSister channelsBTV DhakaBTV ChittagongSangsad TelevisionHistoryLaunched11 April 2004; 20 years ago (2004-04-11)LinksWebsitebtv.gov.bd BTV World (Bengali: বিটিভি ওয়ার্ল্ড) is...

Nanda Ghunti

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Nanda Ghunti adalah gunung setinggi 6309 meter di Gharwal, India. Gunung ini terletak di tepi luar Cagar Alam Nanda Devi. Gunung ini pertama kali di survei oleh TG Longstaff pada tahun 1907. Eric Shipton menyurvei dari barat pada tahun 1931. Upaya seri...

 

 

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1242

United Nations resolution adopted in 1999 UN Security CouncilResolution 1242Oil infrastructure in IraqDate21 May 1999Meeting no.4,008CodeS/RES/1242 (Document)SubjectThe situation between Iraq and KuwaitVoting summary15 voted forNone voted againstNone abstainedResultAdoptedSecurity Council compositionPermanent members China France Russia United Kingdom United StatesNon-permanent members Argentina Bahrain Brazil Canada Gabon Gambia...