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Matplotlib
	Screenshot of Matplotlib plots and code
Original author(s)	John D. Hunter
Developer(s)	Michael Droettboom, et al.
Initial release	2003; 22 years ago
Stable release	3.10.0 / 14 December 2024; 25 days ago
Repository	github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib ;
Written in	Python
Engine	Cairo, Anti-Grain Geometry
Operating system	Cross-platform
Type	Plotting
License	Matplotlib license
Website	matplotlib.org

Matplotlib (portmanteau of MATLAB, plot, and library^[3]) is a plotting library for the Python programming language and its numerical mathematics extension NumPy. It provides an object-oriented API for embedding plots into applications using general-purpose GUI toolkits like Tkinter, wxPython, Qt, or GTK. There is also a procedural "pylab" interface based on a state machine (like OpenGL), designed to closely resemble that of MATLAB, though its use is discouraged.^[4] SciPy makes use of Matplotlib.

Matplotlib was originally written by John D. Hunter. Since then it has had an active development community^[5] and is distributed under a BSD-style license. Michael Droettboom was nominated as matplotlib's lead developer shortly before John Hunter's death in August 2012^[6] and was further joined by Thomas Caswell.^[7]^[8] Matplotlib is a NumFOCUS fiscally sponsored project.^[9]

Comparison with MATLAB

Pyplot is a Matplotlib module that provides a MATLAB-like interface.^[10] Matplotlib is designed to be as usable as MATLAB, with the ability to use Python, and the advantage of being free and open-source.

Plot Types

Matplotlib supports various types of 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional plots. The support for two dimensional plots is robust. The support for three dimensional plots was added later and while it is good, it is not as robust as 2 dimensional plots.

Examples

Line plot
Histogram
Scatter plot
3D plot
Image plot
Contour plot
Polar plot
Line plot
3-D plot
Image plot

Animations

Matplotlib-animation^[11] capabilities are intended for visualizing how certain data changes. However, one can use the functionality in any way required.

These animations are defined as a function of frame number (or time). In other words, one defines a function that takes a frame number as input and defines/updates the matplotlib-figure based on it.

The time at the beginning of a frame-number since the start of animation can be calculated as - ${\text{time}}={\frac {{\text{frame-number}}-1}{\text{FPS}}}$

Toolkits

Several toolkits are available which extend Matplotlib functionality. Some are separate downloads, others ship with the Matplotlib source code but have external dependencies.^[12]

Basemap: map plotting with various map projections, coastlines, and political boundaries^[13]
Cartopy: a mapping library featuring object-oriented map projection definitions, and arbitrary point, line, polygon and image transformation capabilities.^[14] (Matplotlib v1.2 and above)
Excel tools: utilities for exchanging data with Microsoft Excel
GTK tools: interface to the GTK library
Qt interface
Mplot3d: 3-D plots
Natgrid: interface to the natgrid library for gridding irregularly spaced data.
tikzplotlib: export to Pgfplots for smooth integration into LaTeX documents (formerly known as matplotlib2tikz)^[15]
Seaborn: provides an API on top of Matplotlib that offers sane choices for plot style and color defaults, defines simple high-level functions for common statistical plot types, and integrates with the functionality provided by Pandas
GeoPandas:^[16] simplifies geospatial work in Python without needing a spatial database like PostGIS^[17]
Cartopy: streamlines map creation in matplotlib by enabling users to specify a projection and add coastlines with a single line of code^[18]

Related projects

Biggles^[19]
Chaco^[20]
DISLIN
GNU Octave
gnuplotlib – plotting for numpy with a gnuplot backend
Gnuplot-py^[21]
PLplot – Python bindings available
SageMath – uses Matplotlib to draw plots
SciPy (modules plt and gplt)
Plotly – for interactive, online Matplotlib and Python graphs
Bokeh^[22] – Python interactive visualization library that targets modern web browsers for presentation