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Matilda
Matilda
Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg
Reign	966–999
Successor	Adelheid I
Born	December 955
Died	February 999 (aged 43); Quedlinburg Abbey
Burial	Quedlinburg Abbey
Dynasty	Ottonian
Father	Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother	Adelaide of Italy
Religion	Roman Catholic

Matilda (December 955 – February 999), also known as Mathilda and Mathilde, was a German regent, and the first Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg. She served as regent of Germany for her brother during his absence in 967, and as regent during the minority of her nephew from 984.

She was the daughter of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, and his second wife, Adelaide of Italy.

Nun

Her grandmother, Saint Matilda, founded the Quedlinburg Abbey in 936.^[1] In April 966, in a splendid ceremony requested by her father, the eleven-year-old granddaughter and namesake of Saint Matilda was elected suae metropolitanae sibi haereditariae.^[2]

Regency

A year after becoming abbess, Matilda was assigned as regent of the kingdom when her father and brother Otto went to Italy.^[3] As regent, Matilda held a reforming synod at Dornberg,^[2] concerning the church in Germany.

In 968, the monk Widukind of Corvey dedicated to Matilda his opus magnum Die Sachsengeschichte, in which he called her the mistress of all Europe. The book, that described the history of the Saxons' struggle against the Magyars up to the death of Otto I in 973, also served as a kind of manual for ruling, including advices on how to deal with deceit and betrayal.^[4]^[5]

In 984, she held an imperial diet at her abbey.^[2] At the diet, Henry the Wrangler questioned the right of Matilda's nephew to succeed his father. Matilda successfully defeated his claims and secured the election of her nephew as Holy Roman Emperor, therefore "holding the empire together".^[3] A contemporary chronicler described her regency as being "without female levity". Matilda succeeded in restoring peace and authority by leading an army against the "barbarians".^[3]

In 985, Wallhausen (now in Saxony-Anhalt) became her private property.^[6]^[4]

In 984, Matilda, her mother, Empress Adelaide, and her sister-in-law, Empress Theophanu, became co-regents for Matilda's young nephew, Otto III.^[7]

In 994, she secured market rights, as well as coinage and customs privileges from Otto III to Quedlinburg. From a few huts, Quedlinburg developed into a prosperous city.^[4]^[8]

In 997, as Otto III increasingly shifted his focus to Italy (she accompanied him there in his first trip), he handed over the rulership of Germany to her, overriding the authority of all bishops and dukes. In seven years, she was the only member of the dynasty to have a presence in Saxony.^[4]^[9]

In 998, she held a Diet (Hoftag) in Derenburg, heard requests and appointed offices.^[4]^[10]

In contemporary documents, she was called metropolitana ("overseer of bishops) and mattricia ("matriarch").^[11]^[12]

Death

She died in February 999^[13] and was succeeded as abbess of Quedlinburg by her niece, Adelaide I.^[14]

Cultural depictions

A poem from the end of the Ottonian era (on a reliquary of the confessor Marsus and the virgin Lugtrudis in Ottonian convent of Essen) and made under the Abbess Theophanu (died 1056) reads:^[15]

        Hoc opus eximium gemmis auroque decorum Mathildis vovit,
        Theophanu quod bene solvit
        Regi dans regum Mathildt haec crysea dona
        Abbatissa bona; quae rex deposcit in aevum
        Spiritus Ottonis pauset caelestibus oris.

        Matilda made a votive offering of this excellent work,
        Beautiful in its jewels and gold, which Theophanu disposed of;
        Good abbess Matilda, giving to the King of Kings these golden gifts,
        Which the king everlastingly keeps asking for,
        May the spirit of Otto tarry on the celestial shores.

In 2013, Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk made the documentary Mathilde von Quedlinburg - Vom Mädchen zur Machtfrau (Matilda of Quedlinburg, from young girl to woman of power), or Geschichte Mitteldeutschlands - Mathilde. Die erste Äbtissin Quedlinburgs (Working title).^[16]

Commemoration

In 1999, the 1000th Anniversary of her death was commemorated, especially in Quedlinburg with a colloquium and an exhibition.^[17]^[18]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg

8. Otto I, Duke of Saxony

4. Henry I of Germany

9. Hedwiga of Franconia

2. Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor

10. Dietrich, Count in Westphalia

5. Matilda of Ringelheim

11. Reinhild

1. Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg

12. Rudolph I of Burgundy

6. Rudolph II of Burgundy

13. Guilla of Provence

3. Adelaide of Italy

14. Burchard II, Duke of Swabia

7. Bertha of Swabia

15. Regelinda of Zürich

References

^ Wemple 1987, p. 139.
^ ^a ^b ^c McNamara 1996, p. 197.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jansen 2002, p. 153.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. "Mathilde von Quedlinburg: Daten, Orte und Ereignisse | MDR.DE". www.mdr.de (in German). Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ Bern-Forum, Dietrich von (25 January 2016). Hunnen und Hunen, Burgunder und Nibelungen: Im Spannungsfeld von Sage und Geschichte (in German). BoD – Books on Demand. p. 18. ISBN 978-3-7392-3343-7. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ Niemeyer, M. (1952). Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands (in German). M. Niemeyer. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-7678-0375-6. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ Yorke 2003, p. ??.
^ Harzverein für Geschichte und Altertumskunde e.V. (2011). Harz-Zeitschrift 2011 (in German). Lukas Verlag. p. 128. ISBN 978-3-86732-115-0. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ Harksen, Sibylle (1975). Women in the Middle Ages. A. Schram : distribution, Universe Books. ISBN 978-0-8390-0148-5. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ Jordan, Karl, ed. (1939). Archiv für urkundenforschung (in German). p. 139. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ White, Susan J. (2003). A History of Women in Christian Worship. SPCK. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-281-05647-7. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
^ Wilson, Peter H. (29 February 2016). Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Harvard University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-674-91592-3. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
^ Schutz 2010, p. 82.
^ Thietmar 2001, p. 151.
^ Stevenson, Jane (2005). Women Latin Poets: Language, Gender, and Authority, from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-19-818502-4. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
^ "Geschichte Mitteldeutschlands - Mathilde von Quedlinburg - Vom Mädchen zur Machtfrau, Documentary (Series), 2013 | Crew United". Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ "Quedlinburger Geschichtszeugnisse im Geist der nationalen Einheit". khv-quedlinburg.de. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
^ Kessler, Cornelia (1999). Auf den Spuren der Ottonen / [1] Protokoll des Wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums anläßlich des 1000. Todestages der Reichsäbtissin Mathilde von Quedlinburg am 06.02.1999 in Quedlinburg / [Red.: Cornelia Kessler]. Beiträge zur Regional- und Landeskultur Sachsen-Anhalts. Landesheimatbund Sachsen-Anhalt e. V. ISBN 9783928466233. Retrieved 16 July 2022.

Sources and further reading

Gerd Althoff: Gandersheim und Quedlinburg. Ottonische Frauenklöster als Herrschafts- und Überlieferungszentren. In: Frühmittelalterliche Studien, Jahrbuch des Instituts für Frühmittelalterforschung an der Universität Münster. Vol. 25, 1991, S. 123–144
Gerd Althoff: Mathilde. In: Lexikon des Mittelalters. Band VI, Artemis & Winkler Verlag, München und Zürich, 1993, ISBN 3-7608-8906-9
Eckhard Freise (1990), "Mathilde", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 16, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 376–378; (full text online)
Karl Janicke (1884), "Mathilde, Aebtissin von Quedlinburg", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 593–594
Gerlinde Schlenker: Äbtissin Mathilde : eine Quedlinburgerin als Reichverweserin vor 1000 Jahren. Stekovics, Halle an der Saale, 1999. ISBN 3-932863-14-3
Christian Marlow: Augusta und „funkelnder Edelstein“ – Äbtissin Mathilde von Quedlinburg zum 1020. Todesjahr (999 –2019) In: Sachsen-Anhalt Journal 29 (2019), H. 3, S. 14–16
Jestice, Phyllis G. (12 April 2018). Imperial Ladies of the Ottonian Dynasty: Women and Rule in Tenth-Century Germany. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-77306-3. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
Jansen, Sharon L. (2002). The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
McNamara, Jo Ann (1996). Sisters in arms: Catholic nuns through two millennia. Harvard University Press.
Thietmar (2001). Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg. Translated by Warner, David A. Manchester University Press.
Wemple, Suzanne F. (1987). "Sanctity and Power: The Dual Pursuit of Early Medieval Women". In Bridenthal, Renate; Koonz, Claudia; Stuard, Susan (eds.). Becoming Visible: Women in European History. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Yorke, Barbara (2003). Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon royal houses. Continuum International Publishing Group.
Schutz, Herbert (2010). The Medieval Empire in Central Europe: Dynastic Continuity in the Post. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.