The Malyshev Factory (Ukrainian: Завод імені В.О. Малишева, romanized: Zavod imeni V.O. Malysheva; abbreviated ЗІМ, ZIM), formerly the Kharkov Locomotive Factory (Russian: Харьковский паровозостроительный завод, romanized: Khar'kovskiy parovozostroitel'nyy zavod, ХПЗ, KhPZ), is a state-owned manufacturer of heavy equipment in Kharkiv, Ukraine. It was named after the Soviet politician Vyacheslav Malyshev. The factory is part of the state concern, Ukroboronprom.
At its height during the Soviet era, the factory employed 60,000 of Kharkov's 1.5 million inhabitants.[1]
As of 2015[update], 5,000 people worked at the factory.[1]
Naming
The factory was renamed several times. First originally named in Russian, English-language sources variously refer to it as factory, plant, or works, though now use the Ukrainian translation of the word zavod (works).
Timeline
1895—Establishment of the Kharkov Locomotive Factory (Russian: Харьковский паровозостроительный завод or KhPZ, Khar'kovskiy parovozostroitel'nyy zavod, ХПЗ / Ukrainian: Харківський паровозобудівний завод, romanized: Kharkivskyy parovozobudivnyy zavod)
1923—Production line for Kommunar [ru] tractors established
1928—Renamed Kharkov Komintern Locomotive Factory (Russian: Khar'kovskiy parovozostroitel'nyy zavod imeni Kominterna, Харьковский паровозостроительный завод имени Коминтерна), and the tank design bureau is established
A tank design bureau was established in the factory in 1928, one of several which would be responsible for some of the most successful tanks ever built, and eventually become the Morozov Design Bureau. The KhPZ designed and produced twenty-five T-24 tanks, then nearly eight thousand BT fast tanks. It also built a handful of multi-turreted T-35 tanks.
Shortly before the German invasion of the Soviet Union the KhPZ started series production of the T-34, the most-produced tank of World War II. Series production began in June 1940 in Kharkov, and later in the Stalingrad Tractor Plant and Krasnoye Sormovo Shipbuilding Plant. In 1941, due to German advances, the factory and design shops were evacuated to the Ural Mountains;[1] the plant was merged with Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil into one enterprise called Ural Tank Plant No. 183.
After Soviet victory over the Germans, it began production of the new T-44 tank in 1945, and the first prototypes of the T-54. After the war was over, the design bureau and factory gradually transferred all operations back to Kharkov.[1] The "No. 183" designation was left in Nizhny Tagil, while in Kharkov the factory merged into Factory No. 75, a previously existing plant known for its T-34 diesel engines. T-54 production was started in the Urals and Kharkov in 1947–1948, and the move ended with the 1951 re-establishment of the Design Bureau, now called KB-60M, in Kharkov. In 1957, the Factory No. 75 was renamed Malyshev Plant, and next year it took up production of T-55, the most-produced tank ever. The bureau also designed OT-54 and TO-55flame-thrower tanks, for production at the Omsk Transport Machine Construction Plant. In 1967, T-64 tank production began here, as well as in the Kirov Plant and in the Uralvagonzavod.[3] The T-80 tank, with a high performance gas turbine engine was produced beginning in 1983,[4] followed in 1985 by a more conventional diesel model, T-80UD.
Finished tanks were assembled in several plants, but Soviet industrial planning prevented any region from being able to establish independent arms production. Components and sub-assemblies were produced in different factories, the Malyshev Factory specializing in engines and transmissions.
In independent Ukraine
The Malyshev factory's million-square-metre facility produced 800 tanks in 1991, but underwent difficult times after the breakup of the Soviet Union, producing only 46 tanks until 1996, when a $650 M contract was signed to supply 320 T-80UD tanks to Pakistan.[5] Fulfilling the contract was difficult — the distributed nature of Soviet military industry forced reliance on Russian factories for parts, and Russian political interference forced the development of local capabilities, resulting in the T-84 tank design.[6]
Like many Ukrainian industries, Malyshev was not allowed to negotiate contracts directly with foreign governments, but had to rely on Ukrspetsexport, a government arms-trading company. Although Malyshev was denied exporter status in July 1999, it was given this status by decree of President Leonid Kuchma in November of that year, a move seen to be an election gift to Kharkiv Oblast. Malyshev joined as the leader of thirty-four companies to form an export consortium called Ukrainian Armored Vehicles.
Malyshev has demonstrated main battle tanks to Turkey, Greece, and Malaysia, and has entered into a contract to supply engines for Chinese-made Al-Khalid tanks for Pakistan. In September 2000, a deal was signed to modernize Soviet-made tanks and armoured personnel carries for the United Arab Emirates. The Malyshev factory also manufactures parts for Bizon, a Polish producer of agricultural combines.
In April 2009, the Malyshev Factory signed a contract to upgrade 29 T-64B [Т-64Б] tanks to T-64BM "Bulat" [Т-64БМ "Булат"] standard, for the Ukrainian Army for ₴200 million ($25.1 million). Ten upgraded tanks were delivered in 2010, and 19 planned to be delivered in 2011. The T-64B tanks being upgraded were originally produced at Kharkov in 1980.[7][8]
In 2012 the Malyshev Factory had a sizable tank scrapping operation.[9]
Since the outbreak of the War in Donbass the factory's main focus became supplying new and rehabilitated tanks to the Ukrainian Army.[1]
On 22 July 2014 the factory was used as a transfer point in returning the bodies from the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 crash to their home countries.[10]
The factory was struck by Russian missiles in March 2022, December 2022, and February 2023.[11]
Production
Locomotives
Locomotive production was performed from 1897 to 1969. Until the invasion of Soviet Union by Germany in 1941, the factory was producing steam locomotives which were produced on several factories of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. After the war and rebuilding of the factory in 1947, it produced diesel locomotives until 1969.
Notable diesel engines from Kharkov include the 1472 kW 2D100 (used in the TE3 locomotive) and the 2208 kW 10D100 (used in the TE10 locomotive). Both were 10 cylinder opposed pistontwo-stroke diesel engines of the 1950s.[12] Another engine in this series, the 12 cylinder 9D100 was less successful and was not widely used.
