Magdalen Bridge

Not to be confused with Magdalene Bridge.

Magdalen Bridge
View of the bridge looking towards central Oxford with Magdalen Tower in the background.
Coordinates51°45′04″N 1°14′46″W / 51.751°N 1.246°W / 51.751; -1.246
CarriesRoad
CrossesRiver Cherwell
LocaleOxford, England
Characteristics
DesignArch
MaterialStone
No. of spans11
History
Opened1790
Location
Map

Magdalen Bridge /ˈmɔːdlɪn/ spans the divided stream of the River Cherwell just to the east of the City of Oxford, England, and next to Magdalen College, whence it gets its name and pronunciation.[1] It connects the High Street to the west with The Plain, now a roundabout, to the east.

Antecedents

This point of the Cherwell has been used for crossing since ancient times. The first known reference to a bridge goes back to 1004 and originally it was probably a wooden trestle construction or a drawbridge.[2] By the 16th century a late medieval stone bridge had replaced the wooden one. This bridge was about 1,500 feet (460 m) long and was formed by 20 arches.[3]

By the 1770s, the stone bridge was too narrow for the increasing traffic, as it did not allow two vehicles crossing safely. In addition to this, the structure was becoming unsound due to the combination of two factors: a generalized lack of maintenance and the negative effects of regular flooding. Eventually some of the arches of the western side collapsed during the floods of February 1772, making the bridge irreparable.[4]

The new bridge

Upstream view of the central area of the bridge, including the elliptical arch.

The present stone bridge was designed by John Gwynn of Shrewsbury with a similar length to the previous one. It has a total of 11 arches of different dimensions distributed as follows. For each of the two branches of the river there are three large semicircular arches plus two smaller ones at each side of the river, originally designed for the towpaths. A central elliptical arch, the only existing in the long central area across the island, completes the structure. This arch only conveys water when the island gets submerged. The original plans of the bridge are in the British Library, 1802 c.17, vol.2, and King's Maps xxxvi, 33 (1).[5]

The bridge, built between 1772 and 1790 by John Randall, originally had a width of 27 feet (8.2 m), which accommodated a single roadway and two pavements. Although the bridge was opened to traffic by the end of 1778, a new scheme for the balustrade and the completion of the south western corner were not finished until 1782 and 1790 respectively.[6]

Gwynn's original design included an extravagant decoration for the balustrade with sculptures and sphinxes that were commissioned to Henry Webber in 1778 but eventually abandoned in 1782.[7] According to Pevsner, the bridge has "good sturdy balusters", although these have been replaced over the years because of degradation due to pollution.[8]

Despite opposition from University members, the bridge was widened in 1882 to accommodate a four-foot gauge track for the tramway.[9] The 18th-century bridge was widened by 20 feet (6.1 m) on the south side, but design was retained.

May Morning

Punting at Magdalen Bridge.

The bridge is the scene of large crowds every 1 May early in the morning for the traditional May Morning celebrations in Oxford. There has been a recent tradition of students to jump off the bridge, despite the danger of injury due to low water levels in the Cherwell. In some years many jumpers have been injured and, in order to avoid this, the bridge is now routinely closed on May Morning.[10][11]

Literature

Magdalen Bridge was mentioned by John Betjeman (1906–1984) in his poetry:[12]

The Cherwell carried under Magdalen Bridge
Its leisure puntfuls of the fortunate
Who next term and the next would still some back.

It is also mentioned in the 1911 novel Zuleika Dobson by Max Beerbohm (1872–1956).[13]

  • Boat station by Magdalen Bridge.
    Boat station by Magdalen Bridge.
  • Punts at Magdalen Bridge by the Botanic Gardens.
    Punts at Magdalen Bridge by the Botanic Gardens.
  • View of Magdalen Bridge in the snow.
    View of Magdalen Bridge in the snow.
  • Choristers' tunnel under Magdalen Bridge running from Magdalen College School to the Waynflete Building of Magdalen College.
    Choristers' tunnel under Magdalen Bridge running from Magdalen College School to the Waynflete Building of Magdalen College.

References

  1. ^ Hibbert, Christopher, ed. (1988). "Magdalen Bridge". The Encyclopaedia of Oxford. Macmillan. p. 230. ISBN 0-333-39917-X.
  2. ^ Jaine, T.W.M. (1971). The building of Magdalen Bridge, 1772–1790 (PDF), Oxoniensia xxxvi, p.59.
  3. ^ Steane, John (1997). Medieval Bridges in Oxfordshire Archived 4 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Vale and Downland Museum, Wantage, UK. Local History Series, p.5.
  4. ^ Jaine, T.W.M. (1971). The building of Magdalen Bridge, 1772–1790 (PDF), Oxoniensia xxxvi, p.60&61.
  5. ^ Colvin, Howard (2008). A biographical dictionary of British architects, 1600-1840, Yale University Press, p.461, ISBN 978-0-300-12508-5.
  6. ^ Jaine, T.W.M. (1971). The building of Magdalen Bridge, 1772–1790, Oxoniensia Archived 2010-03-24 at the Wayback Machine xxxvi, p.70.
  7. ^ Jaine, T.W.M. (1971). The building of Magdalen Bridge, 1772–1790, Oxoniensia Archived 2010-03-24 at the Wayback Machine xxxvi, p.69.
  8. ^ Sherwood, Jennifer and Pevsner, Sir Nikolaus B.L. (1974). The Buildings of England: Oxfordshire, Penguin Books, p.311, ISBN 0-14-071045-0.
  9. ^ Skinner, Annie (2005). Cowley Road. A history, Signal Books, p.61. ISBN 1-904955-10-X.
  10. ^ "Five in hospital over bridge jump". BBC. 2 May 2005. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
  11. ^ "May Day bridge closure defended". BBC. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
  12. ^ Delaney, Frank (1985). "Oxford". Betjeman Country. Paladin Books. Granada Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-586-08499-1.
  13. ^ Beerbohm, Max (1911). Zuleika Dobson. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
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