Madrid (Spanish pronunciation:[maˈðɾið]), is one of the 116 municipalities that comprise the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia, and is part of the Western Savanna Province. As of 2024, the municipality has an estimated population of approximately 150,000 inhabitants, making it one of the most populous municipalities in the region. Covering a territorial area of 120.5 km², Madrid is situated at an altitude of 2,554 MSL and lies 21 kilometers west of Bogotá. Due to its proximity, the municipality is functionally and spatially integrated into the Metropolitan Area of the Colombian capital.
Originally established in 1559 by Alonso Díaz under the name La Serrezuela, the municipality was renamed Madrid in 1875. In contemporary times, it is notable for its substantial residential growth and cultural diversity, which have contributed to its emergence as a commuter town within the metropolitan framework of Bogotá. This urban expansion reflects a broader pattern of socio-spatial transformation and highlights the dynamic interplay between urbanization processes and demographic mobility within the region's metropolitan area.
Prior to the arrival of European colonizers and the rise of the Muisca culture, the territory now encompassing the municipality of Madrid was inhabited by the Herrera Culture, one of the earliest sedentary societies on the Bogotá Savanna. This pre-Columbian community established its settlements around vital water resources, including the Subachoque River and Lake La Herrera, which played a central role in their subsistence as well as their ritual and ceremonial activities. Archaeological findings within the municipality, such as remnants of funerary complexes and structures potentially used for astronomical observation, indicate a symbolic and economic relationship with water. These discoveries also reveal the community's profound understanding of natural and astronomical cycles, which influenced both their agricultural practices and spiritual life.
In the later pre-Columbian era, the territory came to be known as Tibaitatá, an important agricultural hub within the Muisca Confederation and a strategic location within the zipazgo—the domain of the zipa. Governed from Bacatá (modern-day Funza), the zipazgo included Tibaitatá, which was administered by Chief Sugasuca, a prominent leader who played a critical role in overseeing agricultural production. The fertile lands of Tibaitatá, vital for the sustenance of the Muisca society, became highly prized by Spanish conquerors upon their arrival in the Bogotá Savanna.
Madrid has been a significant stage for the contributions of numerous prominent figures in Colombian history. Among these are Jorge Miguel Lozano, Marquis of San Jorge, whose influence extended across various domains; Simón Bolívar, the Liberator, and Antonio Nariño, both pivotal figures in the nation’s independence movement; José María Vergara y Vergara, a leading literary critic of his era; and Rufino José Cuervo, an esteemed philologist who made lasting contributions to linguistic studies. The municipality also counts Pedro Fernández Madrid, a notable politician and intellectual of his time, among its historical luminaries. In more recent history, Madrid has been associated with figures such as Rafael Reyes, a key modernizer of the nation, and Alfonso López Pumarejo, a reformist president whose transformative policies shaped the country’s development.
The municipality of Madrid is distinguished by two prominent mountainous formations of geographical and ecological significance. To the southeast lies Cerro Tibaitatá, adjacent to the historic Hacienda Casablanca, with elevations ranging from 2,550 to 2,750 MSL. This formation serves as a notable geographical and historical landmark in the region. To the north is the Valle del Abra rural area, a designated natural reserve recognized for its ecological importance. This area features diverse landscapes and rich biodiversity, providing habitat for a wide array of bird species, insects, and native plants.
In recent years, ecotourism initiatives have been developed in the region, including the establishment of lodges and hotels designed to accommodate visitors. Both Cerro Tibaitatá and Valle del Abra have gained popularity as destinations for outdoor recreational activities, such as hiking and mountain biking, further enhancing their role in promoting sustainable tourism and environmental conservation.
Madrid holds a distinguished place in Colombia's aviation history as the site of the Comando Aéreo de Mantenimiento (Air Maintenance Command) and the Escuela de Suboficiales of the Colombian Air Force (Air Force Non-Commissioned Officers School). Esteemed figures such as Justino Mariño and Andrés M. Díaz have made enduring contributions to the local and national aviation community, solidifying Madrid's role in this field. The historic visit of Charles Lindbergh further underscores the municipality's importance, leaving an indelible mark on its identity and cementing its legacy within the broader context of Colombian aviation.
Toponymy
The denomination Madrid, conferred in honor and commemoration of Pedro Fernández Madrid, was instituted to acknowledge this eminent individual, born in Havana, Cuba, who spent his final years in the municipality formerly known as La Serrezuela. Subsequent to his demise on February 7, 1875, the local populace petitioned the Departmental Assembly of Cundinamarca for the municipality's renaming. This petition was sanctioned by Law 14 on November 17, 1875, thereby enshrining Fernández Madrid's legacy within the toponymy of the region.
The appellation Serrezuela was reinstated in 1945, only to be supplanted by Madrid once more in 1946. Nevertheless, in 1973, the Departmental Assembly reestablished the original name, in compliance with Law 5 of 1920, which mandates the assignment of indigenous, ancient, or historical names to towns. The extant nomenclature, Madrid, was formally instituted by decree No. 14 on November 16, 1976. As elucidated by historian Roberto Velandia, the designation Madrid was adopted serendipitously, spurred by the political and social affinity evoked by this figure.[2]
The toponym Madrid finds its earliest documentation during the Andalusian period as Maǧrīţ, which subsequently evolved into Magerit in Old Spanish. The etymology of this designation has been the focal point of extensive scholarly discourse. The prevailing hypothesis, endorsed by the Arabist Jaime Oliver Asín, postulates that the name originates from the Andalusi Romance term Matrice, signifying mother stream or matrix.
For a protracted period, these dual toponyms coexisted, utilized respectively by the Muslim and Christian communities residing on the hills of Almudena and Vistillas in Madrid, Spain, demarcated by an ancient stream currently corresponding to Segovia Street. The symbiotic contributions of both communities were instrumental in the genesis and perpetuation of these names. This etymological and historical framework has been further elaborated and nuanced by the comprehensive studies of Joan Coromines and Federico Corriente Córdoba, whose rigorous analyses have imparted greater depth to the understanding of the name Madrid.
The name of the municipality of Madrid in Cundinamarca offers an intriguing etymological coincidence that fortuitously links its toponymy with that of the Spanish capital. Iberian Madrid derives its name from the ancient Arroyo de San Pedro, which flowed through Segovia Street, through an etymological process involving Andalusian and Mozarabic roots. In contrast, Andean Madrid, although its name honors Pedro Fernández Madrid, is traversed by the Subachoque River, adding an additional dimension to its etymology. This similarity not only suggests a geographical and cultural parallel between the Spanish stream and the Cundinamarcan river but also enriches the analysis of the hydronymic influence in the Spanish case and the oronymic influence in the Colombian case in the naming of places. This latter aspect is particularly relevant considering that the colonial name of the Colombian municipality was La Serrezuela, a term denoting a small mountain range, specifically the Tibaytatá hill.
The demonym for the inhabitants of the municipality is madrileño and madrileña (madrilenian in english).
History
Prehistoric and pre-Columbian period
In March 2003, during civil construction activities at Carrera 5 #2-41 in the municipality of Madrid—now the site of the Camino Real residential complex—an archaeological site of significant interest was uncovered. Preliminary analysis of the site revealed it to be a distinctive ritual-funeral and astronomical observation context from Colombia's Herrera archaeological period, as evidenced by the unique ceramics discovered.[3]
The site exhibits notable parallels with the Aguazuque archaeological site in the municipality of Soacha, particularly in the burial practices observed. These include the lateral decubitus position of the skeletons with flexed limbs, physical traits such as dolichocephaly, and certain dental wear patterns. The funerary assemblage, comprising ceramics from the Herrera and Magdalena River Valley regions, lithic materials, and faunal remains, suggests that the initial occupation dates to the 1st millennium B.C.
Subsequent to this initial phase, the site shows evidence of a second occupation associated with Herrera ceramics, indicative of a society where agriculture became increasingly central and social complexity was heightened. This period, roughly dating to the 1st millennium A.D., is characterized by brachycephalic populations and is marked by the establishment of a ritual and astronomical complex. This complex featured a channel extending over 30 meters in a south-north orientation, distinguished by its dual architectural arrangement: circular forms on the eastern side and quadrangular structures on the western side.
Research conducted by the Universidad Nacional reveals that the La Herrera lagoon was once an expansive body of water, covering a substantial portion of what is now the territory of Madrid. This large aquatic environment played a crucial role in shaping the region's ancient landscape and ecology.
The river traversing the locality has historically been known by various names. In the Muisca language, it was designated as Chacha or Chinga, translating to twice male. Subsequently, it was named Serrezuela before being referred to as Subachoque. At a location known as Balsillas, this river converges with the Bojacá, forming the lagoon of La Herrera. From this point, it continues its journey until it merges with the Bogotá River, specifically at the Canoas site in the municipality of Soacha.[3]
Since its inception, the lagoon of La Herrera has been a crucial source of diverse flora and fauna, serving the needs of both the hunter-gatherers and early agro-potters of the region. The rich array of resources—ranging from birds, guinea pigs, and fish to small mammals and crustaceans—provided by the lagoon and the Subachoque and Bogotá rivers, along with the availability of wild animals such as deer from the surrounding hills, indicates that for millennia, the local inhabitants effectively relied on hunting, gathering, and fishing.
Archaeological soil analyses and environmental assessments conducted in the Bogotá savanna reveal that the excavation site in the municipality of Madrid was situated within a lacustrine environment. This was characterized by the presence of the lagoon of La Herrera and the extensive wetlands formed by the confluence of the Subachoque River. Historically, the waters of the Subachoque River flowed into the lagoon, which covered a substantial portion of the western sector of the high plateau.
The extensive presence of water bodies in the region is substantiated by pedological studies, which reveal that large reservoirs have been a feature of the landscape since ancient times. Despite the prevalence of these bodies of water, human activity along their peripheries continued to thrive. Soil profiles provide evidence of early human settlement on the shores of the lagoon, where inhabitants constructed their dwellings in stilted complexes.[3]
Moreover, the archaeological record indicates that periods of drought affected the lake, particularly during the first millennium B.C. These arid intervals are evidenced by the presence of hearths located beneath layers of white clays that constitute the lakebed. Such findings underscore the adaptability and resilience of early human communities in navigating the climatic and environmental fluctuations of the Cundiboyacense high plateau.
In 1935, a Muisca girl. The Muisca people, who were present during the time of the Spanish conquest, are direct heirs to the rich and complex pre-Muisca cultural tradition of La Herrera.
Spanish Era
The arrival of the Spanish in the Bogotá Savanna marked the encounter with a Muisca settlement known as Tibaytatá, whose name translates to Labranza del capitán que está a mano (the Captain’s Nearby Farmstead), under the authority of the cacique Sagasuca. Although not part of a distinct administrative unit (zybyn), the settlement was nevertheless subject to the control and authority of the Zipa of Muyqyta, whose seat was located in what is now the municipality of Funza. Upon the Spanish conquest, the settlement was renamed Pueblo de Indios de Sagasuca (Town of Indians of Sagasuca).
On November 20, 1559, Tomás López[4] officially established the municipality by granting an encomienda to Alonso Díaz, who became the first encomendero of the territory and a soldier in the troops of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Díaz is credited with renaming the municipality La Serrezuela, in reference to Cerro Tibaytatá, the small mountain that defines the region’s topography.
The earliest document related to Madrid dates to 1563 and records a prosecutor’s visit to file a complaint against Alfonso Díaz, likely due to the mismanagement of the encomienda under his charge. During the colonial period, several Spanish families settled in the area and established encomiendas, though no significant historical events are recorded in La Serrezuela during this time. Its strategic position along the route connecting the old Santafé de Bogotá with Honda made it a key transit point for high officials of the Royal Audience, the metropolitan archbishop, and viceroys, who occasionally lodged there.
Historian Miguel Aguilera notes that in 1639, the settlement corresponding to present-day Madrid was home to a chief named Don Juan, a member of the Tibaytatá lineage. During this period, the population was notably heterogeneous, comprising Spaniards, Indigenous peoples, Creoles, and Mulattoes.[5]
The Royal Decree of August 3, 1774, which addressed the reorganization of Indigenous towns and corregimientos, along with the resolutions of the tribunal board in 1775, prompted prosecutor Francisco Antonio Moreno y Escandón to order the dissolution of the town of La Serrezuela. This decision was based on the town's extreme poverty and low population density.
The Puente de los Españoles, an important feat of colonial civil engineering, was constructed in 1789 under the orders of Viceroy José Manuel de Ezpeleta. The project was directed by Domingo Esquiaqui y García (Naples, Italy, 1737–Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 1820), a military officer, field marshal of Artillery, and Italian military engineer who had also overseen the construction of the Puente del Común. Spanning the Subachoque River, the bridge remains in use today, supporting vehicular traffic. It is regarded not only as the oldest structure in the municipality but also as one of the oldest in the department of Cundinamarca. In 1789, the settlement's population was estimated at approximately 70 residents, along with a similar number of Indigenous people.[5]
Throughout the Hispanic and Republican periods, several distinguished families owned prominent estates that not only symbolized their social and economic standing but also played a pivotal role in shaping the agrarian and cultural landscape of the region. Many of these estates were acquired by influential historical figures or selected as preferred stops for distinguished visitors, owing to their strategic significance and architectural grandeur. Among the most notable estates of these periods, the following merit special mention:
El Boyero: This estate was originally owned by Rufino Cuervo and later inherited by his son, Rufino José Cuervo, a distinguished Colombian scholar renowned for his contributions to linguistics and philology. In a philanthropic gesture, Rufino José Cuervo donated the property for public charitable use, exemplifying his dedication to the social and cultural welfare of the community.[5]
Casablanca: This estate was the property of José María Vergara y Vergara, a prominent writer and literary critic, who composed part of his History of Literature in New Granada (1867) and possibly Olives and Olives, All Are Alike (1868) within its grounds. The estate had been passed down from his maternal grandfather, Antonio de Vergara Azcárate y Dávila, an encomendero of the Indigenous town of La Serrezuela in 1650. The estate is also notable for having hosted Simón Bolívar, as commemorated by a plaque in one of its rooms. Eventually, the estate was acquired by José María Sierra, popularly known as Pepe Sierra, a farmer who rose to become the wealthiest man in Colombia.
Casa de Santa Inés: Situated along the Occidente highway, this property served as the headquarters for prominent commercial aviation companies, including Transportes Aéreos Centroamericanos (now Avianca), Vías Aéreas de Colombia, and the Inter-American Aviation Agency. The presence of these enterprises underscores the house's historical importance in the evolution of air transportation within the region.[5]
La Estancia: This location holds historical significance due to its connection to Antonio Nariño, who not only sought refuge here but also safeguarded several of his writings, notably his translation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. This occurred during a period of intense persecution in 1792, as he faced charges of conspiracy against the Spanish government. In the 20th century, the property transitioned into the ownership of the Serrano Escallón family.
La Hélida: This residence was the home of Jorge Miguel Lozano de Peralta, Marquess of San Jorge, and father of Jorge Tadeo Lozano. The presence of such a distinguished figure enhances the historical significance of this estate, particularly within the context of colonial nobility and political history.
San Marino: The origins of this estate can be traced back to the early 19th century. Its name is a tribute to the small state of San Marino, and the estate is notably associated with the sisters Alcira and Lucila Blanco. These women, having endured the adversities of World War II, chose to emigrate from Europe and establish themselves in Madrid. Their close relationship with President Alfonso López Pumarejo, a frequent visitor to the estate, is particularly noteworthy. Additionally, the estate regularly welcomed the esteemed Rafael Reyes, further contributing to the site's distinguished reputation and historical significance.
Republican Era
José Hilario López (1798-1869) was a distinguished Colombian military leader and statesman who served as President of the Republic of New Granada from 1849 to 1853. His administration is particularly notable for the abolition of slavery, a landmark achievement that marked a decisive shift in the nation's social fabric. Additionally, López advanced a series of liberal reforms that fundamentally reshaped Colombian society, fostering a climate of political modernization and contributing to the broader liberalization of the country during the mid-19th century.
19th Century
During the republican era, Madrid became a focal point of numerous confrontations between revolutionary forces, who were galvanized by their pursuit of libertarian ideals. In 1831, José Hilario López—a distinguished military leader and later President of the Republic of New Granada from 1849 to 1853—chose to establish his headquarters in La Serrezuela. This strategic decision was driven by the need to evade an assassination attempt orchestrated by his political adversaries, who sought to undermine his burgeoning leadership.
Several decades later, in 1881, Madrid once again found itself at the heart of political unrest, witnessing the uprising led by General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, another future president. Subsequently, in 1894, the town became a center of resistance against dictator José María Melo, who had seized power during the Colombian civil war of 1854.
Toward the close of the 19th century, Rufino Gutiérrez, who had served as an official visitor in 1887 and 1888, published a comprehensive study titled Monografías. In this work, Gutiérrez meticulously described the state of Madrid and surrounding towns, as well as their public institutions, portraying a community mired in poverty. At the time, Madrid had two public schools—one for boys and one for girls—alongside a coeducational private school. The town also housed a public slaughterhouse, a telegraph office, and a tax collection agency.
Gutiérrez's account provides a vivid portrayal of Madrid’s urban layout at the close of the 19th century. He noted that the town consisted of 11 blocks and 9 streets, with a total of 70 houses, 22 of which were clay-tiled buildings interspersed with open lots and enclosures. Among the most prominent public edifices were the church, the town hall, the rectory, the schools, the cemetery, and the train station. The construction of the train station, completed under Governor Daniel Aldana’s administration in 1882, marked a significant milestone in the town’s infrastructure, symbolizing its growing connectivity and advancing modernization.[6]
Daniel Aldana (1831–1911) was reappointed as president of the Sovereign State of Cundinamarca in 1882, a period during which he distinguished himself through significant infrastructural initiatives. Among his most notable achievements was the initiation of the construction of the Bogotá Savannah Railway, a project of considerable importance that aimed to enhance regional connectivity and stimulate economic development. His leadership during this period reflects a broader commitment to modernization and progress in the region.
During this period, two industries of considerable significance were established: Julián Escallón's wheat mill and General Antonio Basilio Cuervo's brewery. According to Gutiérrez, the wheat mill, powered by the waters of the Subachoque River, extended its activities beyond milling wheat to include the manufacture of carts and specialized machinery for pressing grass. This diversification not only enhanced its own production capabilities but also contributed to the agricultural and industrial development of the region.
General Antonio Basilio Cuervo's brewery became a pivotal player in the local and regional economy, supplying beer to a wide area of the Sabana, including towns such as La Mesa, Villeta, Guaduas, and Honda. The brewery’s market expansion illustrates the establishment of an efficient distribution network and the increasing demand for industrially produced goods in the region.
Rufino Gutiérrez characterizes society during this era as divided into three distinctly stratified social groups. The first group comprised the large capitalists, whom he describes as exhibiting a pronounced indifference to the moral and material progress of the community. This economic elite, focused primarily on the accumulation of capital, appeared largely disengaged from social responsibilities and collective well-being.
In contrast, the smaller landowners constituted a class marked by envy towards the privileges and comforts enjoyed by the large landowners, while simultaneously expressing disdain for those of lower socioeconomic status.
Lastly, Gutiérrez portrays the indigenous population as lacking a cohesive sense of communal unity, a condition he argues relegated them to the periphery of social dynamics and economic progress. Although this assessment is shaped by the biases of the period, it underscores the profound social divisions and inequalities that characterized the time, highlighting the systemic marginalization of indigenous groups in the broader context of modernization and progress.
Gutiérrez's account, by examining these intricate social relationships, provides a critical and nuanced portrayal of 19th-century society, revealing the ways in which power structures and economic hierarchies shaped communal life and perpetuated social and economic disparities. This stratified social order not only mirrored the entrenched inequalities of the time but also constrained the prospects for inclusive development within the community.
The houses surrounding Pedro Fernández Madrid Park are emblematic of republican architecture, with the majority constructed between 1850 and 1870, reflecting the aesthetic and cultural influences of the era.[6]
Pedro Fernández Madrid (1817–1875) was a distinguished Colombian politician, writer, and educator whose contributions to diplomacy, literature, and education remain a cornerstone of the nation's historical and intellectual legacy. His enduring influence continues to serve as a vital reference point in Colombia's cultural and political development.
Pedro Fernández Madrid
Pedro Fernández Madrid (December 13, 1817, Havana, Cuba – February 8, 1875, Madrid, Cundinamarca) spent his early years in La Serrezuela, amidst a period of profound political turmoil. His birth coincided with a critical juncture in the independence struggles of Latin America, as his father, the distinguished independence hero José Fernández Madrid, was in exile in Cuba for his fervent advocacy for the liberation of New Granada. Pedro began his formal education in Cuba in 1825, completing his primary schooling before returning with his family to Cartagena. This early life, marked by displacement and political upheaval, fostered in him a resilience that would define his future contributions to both legal and political arenas.
In 1826, Pedro accompanied his father on a diplomatic mission to France, where José Fernández Madrid was appointed as a confidential agent. The family later relocated to London, where his father assumed the prestigious role of plenipotentiary minister. During their time in London, Pedro received an exceptional education under the mentorship of Andrés Bello, a leading intellectual and secretary of the Colombian Legation. Bello’s influence proved formative in Pedro’s intellectual development, shaping his scholarly and diplomatic abilities. Following his father's death in 1830, Pedro continued his education at the Colegio Mayor del Rosario, where he completed his studies in 1838, earning a doctorate in law. This rigorous academic training laid the foundation for his later contributions to the legal and political spheres of Colombia.
Pedro's intellectual and literary career began as early as 1837, when, while still a student, he authored a defense of his father’s legacy, a piece published by General Francisco de Paula Santander, a pivotal figure in the establishment of Colombia’s republic. His scholarly reputation was further solidified in 1842 with the publication of Opúsculo sobre la Instrucción Pública, a treatise that reflected his deep commitment to education and social progress.
The tomb of Pedro Fernández Madrid serves as the final resting place for his remains, as well as those of his wife, Vicenta Martínez, and his devoted housekeeper, Tránsito Ospina. This site stands as an enduring testament to his life, legacy, and the profound bonds of loyalty and companionship that defined his personal relationships.
In 1843, Pedro entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he played a crucial role in shaping Colombia’s international relations, notably contributing to the delineation of national borders and navigating sensitive negotiations with the Holy See. His expertise in diplomacy and international law became evident as he rose through the political ranks. Between 1852 and 1860, he served as a congressman, and in 1857, he was elected president of Congress. His leadership extended beyond the national stage when he became president of the Sovereign State of Boyacá, where he implemented significant policies aimed at regional development, further cementing his legacy as a statesman and intellectual. [6]
His erudition and contributions to historical scholarship secured him a distinguished place as an elected member of the Colombian Academy of History, an institution devoted to the preservation and study of the nation's historical legacy. In each of these capacities, Pedro Fernández Madrid demonstrated unwavering dedication to public service and the dissemination of knowledge, solidifying his status as a prominent figure in Colombian history.
In 1864, due to deteriorating health, Fernández Madrid was compelled to withdraw from political life, retiring with his wife, Vicenta Martínez de Madrid, to La Serrezuela. The couple had acquired a residence in this tranquil location, seeking a space for rest and reflection. Despite his retirement, Pedro remained intellectually active, engaging in correspondence with notable contemporaries such as Miguel Antonio Caro, José María Vergara y Vergara, and José María Quijano, thereby maintaining his involvement in the intellectual and cultural debates of the era.
The couple had four children: Rosalía, Alejandrina, Pedro Vicente, and Camilo. Tragically, it is said that one of their daughters drowned in a site later known as the now-defunct Parque de las Ballenitas, a loss that cast the family into profound grief.
It is believed that the building currently serving as the mayor's office was donated by Vicenta Fernández as an act of commemoration in honor of her husband's memory.
In his later years, Pedro lived in the company of his wife and their housekeeper, Tránsito Ospina. In an act of profound loyalty and bravery, Tránsito lost her life attempting to save Vicenta from drowning in the Subachoque River. Regrettably, both perished in this tragic event, which marked a sorrowful conclusion to Pedro's family life. He passed away on February 8, 1875, in what was then known as La Serrezuela.
Pedro Fernández Madrid is remembered as a distinguished politician, writer, and educator, whose enduring legacy remains enshrined in the collective memory. His remains rest in Madrid's municipal cemetery, alongside those of his wife, Vicenta, and his devoted housekeeper, Tránsito Ospina. The town of La Serrezuela, deeply honored by Pedro’s affection and commitment, paid tribute to him posthumously. Through Law No. 14 of November 17, 1875, the town adopted the name Madrid in his honor, thereby ensuring his memory and influence would be perpetuated in regional and national history. This legislative act reflects the profound respect and admiration held for him by his contemporaries and by future generations, affirming his place as a pivotal figure in the nation’s historical and cultural development.[6]
20th Century
José María Sierra, widely recognized as "Pepe Sierra" (1848–1921), was a prominent Antioquian businessman and magnate, known as one of the wealthiest individuals in Colombia during his era. In 1900, he acquired the esteemed Hacienda Casablanca, where he resided with his wife, Zoraida Cadavid de Sierra, and their thirteen children. Following Zoraida's death in Paris in 1921, her will directed that one-seventh of her considerable estate be dedicated to establishing a charitable institution for impoverished girls in Colombia. This initiative culminated in the foundation of the Asilo Zoraida Cadavid de Sierra.[7]
The asylum was initially located in Plaza España, Bogotá. However, in 1945, María Sierra, one of José María and Zoraida’s daughters, undertook the task of relocating and transforming the institution. With the assistance of her son, Guillermo Gómez Sierra, she reestablished the asylum in Madrid, Colombia, evolving it into what is now the Colegio Instituto Zoraida Cadavid de Sierra. To realize this vision, María purchased an old mansion formerly owned by Rafael Reyes, a former president of Colombia. While the mansion was eventually demolished, it was replaced by a modern facility that houses the institution today.[7]
President Rafael Reyes Prieto resided in the town of Madrid, Colombia, during his presidency, which spanned from 1904 to 1909. Reyes was notable as the first leader to govern Colombia for more than four years under the framework of the Colombian Constitution of 1886. His presidency, marked by significant reforms and political centralization, ended prematurely when he was forced to abdicate amidst widespread social unrest and intense pressure from a staunchly oppositional political faction.[7]
In the early 20th century, Pedro Aquilino López and his wife, Rosario Pumarejo, temporarily rented a historic residence near Pedro Fernández Madrid Park while traveling from Honda to Bogotá. Among their children staying with them during this period was Alfonso López Pumarejo, who would later become a two-term President of Colombia and a key figure in the country's liberal reforms. To honor this connection, a bust of Alfonso López Pumarejo, created by the distinguished sculptor Rodrigo Arenas Betancourt, was erected in the park near the Subachoque River. However, the bust was eventually stolen, leaving only a simple stone marker as a reminder of its historical significance.[7]
In 1952, the Corona company established operations in Madrid, Colombia, under the leadership of Hernán Echavarría Olózaga, son of the company’s founder. During this period, Echavarría directed the development of two distinct residential neighborhoods: one for supervisors and another for workers. These neighborhoods, planned to reflect the social and hierarchical structure of the workforce, led to the creation of the Echavarría neighborhood. This area remains a significant example of mid-20th-century industrial urban planning.[7]
In 1973, Mayor Marina Camacho de Samper spearheaded an initiative to restore the locality's original name, Serrezuela, in accordance with Law 5 of 1920, which promotes the use of indigenous, historical, or ancient names for settlements. The Departmental Assembly approved this restoration. However, through Decree No. 14 of November 16, 1976, the decision was rescinded, and the town reverted to its modern name, Madrid.[7]
The building currently serving as the mayor's office has had a varied history. In the early 20th century, it functioned as the Elvira Sánchez School. During the 1970s, it was repurposed as the Pedro Fernández Madrid School. Finally, in 2018, the municipal government acquired the property, establishing it as the headquarters of the local administration.
The municipality features a temperate isothermal climate categorized as Csb, as per the Köppen climate classification. Owing to its elevation, Madrid experiences a mountainous climate, and due to its low latitude, it exhibits minimal thermal variation throughout the course of the year. Temperatures typically range between 7 °C to 20 °C,[8] with an average temperature of 14 °C.[9]
Climate data for Madrid (Base Aerea Madrid), elevation 2,550 m (8,370 ft), (1981–2010)
The urban population density stands at 900 inhabitants per square kilometer, while the index of rural population density ranges from 50 to 75 inhabitants per square kilometer. The population growth rate is determined to be 5.6%, a phenomenon predominantly instigated by the population pressure emanating from the Capital District of Bogotá. Noteworthy is the fact that the population of Madrid comprises 136,374 individuals within its urban expanse.[11]
Economy
Madrid boasts a diversified economy encompassing sectors such as commerce, agriculture, livestock, fishing, and industry.
Commerce stands as a pivotal economic catalyst within the locale, characterized by a plethora of retail establishments offering an extensive array of products and services to both the resident population and visitors alike.
Agriculture plays a significant role in Madrid's economic landscape, benefitting from abundant arable land and an optimal climate conducive to the cultivation of various crops, including fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes. Livestock farming also holds prominence, featuring a diverse array of dairy and meat-producing livestock.
Furthermore, manufacturing constitutes a substantial driver of Madrid's economy, with a diverse array of enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services, ranging from electronics to food and chemicals. The municipality distinguishes itself through robust industrial development along the Carretera de Occidente, linking Bogotá and Facatativá, and its strategic location in the Puente de Piedra sector, serving as a nexus between the northern and southern sectors of the municipality and the broader region.
Madrid is acknowledged as Colombia's foremost floricultural municipality and one of the leading global producers of cut flowers.[12] With over 1,000 hectares dedicated to flower cultivation, the municipality hosts the country's preeminent floral enterprises, including Fantasy Flowers, Imperial, Santa Mónica Flowers, and Jardines de los Andes. Nonetheless, this flourishing sector is not immune to adverse consequences. Flower production can have various detrimental impacts on the environment and human health. According to a SciELO study, greenhouse flower production may lead to the depletion of natural resources, such as deforestation, the use of agrochemicals, and waste generation. Moreover, flower production may pose risks to the health of workers exposed to agrochemicals and other chemicals used in the process.[12]
Tourism
Obleas Villetica
The historic venue renowned for its famous obleas in Madrid, situated at the intersection of 7th Street and 4th Avenue, facing Luis Carlos Galán Park, has been enchanting the city's inhabitants and visitors alike with its homemade products for over 122 years.[13]
Culture
Literature
Pedro Fernández Madrid
In addition to his political career, Pedro is also renowned for his literary endeavors. In 1842, he published his most notable work, Opúsculo sobre la Instrucción Pública (Pamphlet on Public Instruction), which garnered the gold medal in a competition held by the Philanthropic Society. Through his writings, including Nuestras costas incultas (Our Uncultivated Coasts), he staunchly championed the sovereignty of the Republic of New Granada on the Mosquito Coast, compelling the recognition of Colombia's rights in the region by the United Kingdom and the United States. His literary contributions further facilitated legislative changes at the national level regarding population and immigration.
In 1871, four years prior to his demise, Pedro Fernández Madrid was appointed a member of the Colombian Academy of Language, thereby acknowledging his invaluable contributions to literature and his steadfast defense of Colombia's rights.[14]
Music
Kei Linch
Karla Cajamarca, also known as Anarkía Kei Linch, emerges as a young and talented rapper, musical artist, and singer-songwriter hailing from Madrid. Commencing her career within the underground rap milieu of Bogotá, Anarkía catapulted to national fame in 2021, culminating as a finalist in the fourth season of the El Factor X program. Drawing inspiration from luminaries such as Tres Coronas and Canserbero, Anarkía released her inaugural EP, "Red & Blue Sad Doll," recorded with YouTube tracks and distributed in physical format.[15]
In 2020, amid the initial lockdown prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic, Anarkía actively participated in the Caciques project, seeking to unearth the next significant talent within Colombian hip-hop. Through her talent and resilient character, Anarkía proved herself as a potential leader within the movement, unveiling her hometown, Madrid, Cundinamarca, and acknowledging those who aided her in achieving her dreams.
Despite not securing victory in El Factor X, Anarkía captivated the national audience of Rap and HipHop enthusiasts during her performance in the finale on May 30, 2021.[15]
Religion
San Francisco de Paula Church
The inception of the parish's historical narrative dates back to September 23, 1635, marked by the church archives recording the baptismal entry of an indigenous child named Mateo. At that time, the church was known as the Parish of La Serrezuela.
The construction of the present Parish Church of San Francisco de Paula commenced on August 15, 1895, a testament to the tireless efforts and dedication of the clergyman Sandalio María Rodríguez, as per the information provided by Wilson Buitrágo Giraldo.
Since its establishment, the parish has remained actively engaged in pastoral endeavors. Historical records reveal that in 1635, under the leadership of the parish priest Juan Bautista Guio Cerullo, the inaugural baptismal ceremony took place at the Parish of La Serrezuela. Cerullo continued to fulfill his duties as parish priest until 1655.
The current edifice was consecrated by the Archbishop of Santa Fe on August 15, 1895, with the construction meticulously overseen by the parish priest Sandalio María Rodríguez. Fashioned from stone quarried from Chunuba de Bojaca, the church stands dedicated to the Most Holy Virgin in her Advocacy of Carmen.[16]
Julio Sánchez González
Julio Sánchez González, also known as El cura Julio, was born in Madrid in 1914 and resided there until the age of 14, when he entered the diocesan seminary. Ordained as a priest in Rome, he consistently demonstrated a commitment to education, serving as a chaplain at the Gimnasio Moderno and the Colegio Alfonso Jaramillo. In 1966, he founded the Colegio Emilio Valenzuela with the guiding principle, "We do not wish to be just another school. Therefore, our ideal must always be clear, and its spirit vibrant and fervent: we shall not allow ourselves to be worn down by time, corroded by routine, or destroyed by inertia." A year later, he was appointed rector and served in this capacity until 2001.
Julio maintained a close friendship with members of the Golconda, such as Camilo Torres Restrepo, René García Lizarralde, and Luis Currea, despite enduring ideological differences. His passing occurred in Bogotá in 2009.[16]
Defense and security
The School of Radiotelegraphy and Mechanics was established on July 5, 1932, through Decree 1144, with its main headquarters situated at the Aerospace Base in Madrid (Cundinamarca). Following the training of 14 cohorts of aviation mechanics, the school underwent a relocation to Cali in 1953, where its curriculum was expanded and modernized. Ultimately, on January 1, 1970, the school established its headquarters in Madrid (Cundinamarca), featuring new facilities, and assumed the nomenclature of the School of Non-Commissioned Officers Captain Andrés María Díaz Díaz. To date, the institution has graduated 92 cohorts of non-commissioned officers, including the illustrious 88th course.
By virtue of Agreement ICFES 275 dated December 5, 1991, the school received authorization to implement five technological programs across distinct specialties, each spanning six semesters, and confer the undergraduate title of aeronautical technologist to those students meeting the requisite legal criteria. In 2006, the school garnered five resolutions from the Ministry of National Education via the CNA, accrediting the five aeronautical technologies for a four-year duration, with the following ratings:
Technology in Aeronautical Maintenance (Resolution No. 1921 of May 8, 2006, Rating: 3.98)
Technology in Airport Security (Resolution No. 1915 of May 8, 2006, Rating: 5.0)
Technology in Aeronautical Communications (Resolution No. 1914 of May 8, 2006, Rating: 4.1)
Technology in Aeronautical Supplies (Resolution No. 5673 of September 20, 2006, Rating: 4.2)
Technology in Aeronautical Electronics (Resolution No. 5672 of September 20, 2006, Rating: 4.7)
These technological programs were accredited by the Ministry of National Education through the aforementioned resolutions issued by the CNA, each attaining distinct qualifications that underscore their excellence and proficiency in their respective fields of study.
The Air Maintenance Command was established as a unit of the Colombian Aerospace Force through Decree 1756 of November 8, 1924, promulgated by the President of the Republic, Pedro Nel Ospina, in collaboration with the Minister of War, Carlos Jaramillo. The command's operations commenced at the Serrezuela estate in Madrid (Cund), marked by the early engagement of an advisory mission from the Swiss Air Force.[17]
The temporary closure of the Unit occurred on December 28, 1928, owing to technical and economic challenges. However, in 1929, the Unit resumed its operations with the return of Lieutenant Colonel Arturo Lema Posada and Lieutenant Camilo Daza to the country, marking their roles as the inaugural Colombian instructors. Throughout its existence, the Unit has been recognized as the School of Piloting and Observation until its relocation to Cali. In 1943, the Aerial Instruction Center for civilian pilots was established, graduating its first class on July 29, 1944. Subsequently, the Unit shifted its focus to the training of non-commissioned personnel and acquired the Quinta Córdoba grounds to evolve into the Base School of Technical Classes. With the expansion of the aerospace fleet of the Colombian Air Force, the 101st Military Air Transport Squadron was formed, and the Unit transformed into the Transport Base. In 1956, the Transport Base evolved into the Arsenal Base, responsible for providing logistical support for aeronautical and war materials to the Aerospace Force. Later, aligning with the organizational plans of the Aerospace Force, it transformed into the Air Material Command, incorporating maintenance and supply groups. Following the relocation of the supply group to El Dorado Base, the Unit assumed its present designation as the Air Maintenance Command.
Since 1971, an ambitious program of construction and workshop remodeling has been implemented, complemented by the provision of state-of-the-art equipment. This initiative has catalyzed the establishment of a thriving aeronautical industry that caters to both the Aerospace Force and the commercial aviation sector of the country. On May 31, 2002, the Air Maintenance Command received its operational certificate from the Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics in the categories of aircraft structures 1 and 2, engine plants class 3, and specialized calibration services, thereby expanding its services to the national private aviation sector.
Throughout its history, 58 officers have held the position of commander, contributing their dedication and efforts to solidify the Air Maintenance Command as a cornerstone in aeronautical maintenance in Colombia.[17]
Illustrious figures
Rafael Navas Pardo
Rafael Navas Pardo, born in Madrid, Cundinamarca, on 2 February 1908, emerged as a prominent figure within the annals of Colombian military and political history. A scion of both military and political realms, Navas Pardo ascended to eminence as a pivotal member of the Junta Militar de Gobierno, supplanting General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla from 10 May 1957, to 7 August 1958. His intellectual foundations were laid at the venerable institutions of Colegio de La Presentación and the Instituto de la Salle de Bogotá, culminating in his commissioning as a subofficer from the Escuela de Suboficiales, prior to enlisting in the esteemed Escuela Militar de Cadetes, where he achieved the distinctions of bachelor and sublieutenant in the year 1933.
Throughout his military odyssey, Navas Pardo rendered dedicated service across diverse units and institutions, encompassing the precincts of the Escuela Militar de Cadetes, the Batallón Guardia de Honor, the Escuela de Armas Blindadas, and the Batallón de Bogotá. His ascendancy to various posts, including the mantle of military mayor, commander of military units, head of the División de Policía de Bogotá, and commander of the Brigada de Institutos Militares, underscored the breadth and depth of his multifaceted career.
The symbiotic association between General Navas Pardo and Rojas Pinilla was anchored in a shared trajectory of extensive military service. With Rojas Pinilla at the helm of Colombia's presidency, Navas Pardo assumed command of the National Army, achieving the distinction of Brigadier General, all the while showcasing remarkable leadership within the precincts of the Brigada de Institutos Militares, testament to his officerly acumen.
10 May 1957, marked Navas Pardo's inclusion in the Junta Militar de Gobierno, an entity crafted by Rojas Pinilla to orchestrate the transition of presidential authority. However, the idyllic narrative unraveled on 2 May 1958, when a coup attempt, spearheaded by a faction of military forces averse to the relinquishment of power to the civil government elected through plebiscitary means, transpired. The residence of Navas Pardo bore the brunt of this tumultuous episode, sundered and partially razed, a testament to his unwavering opposition to General Rojas Pinilla's tenacious grasp on power.[18]
Mobility
Madrid is attainable from Bogotá through a myriad of conduits, encompassing the Centenario Avenue leading to the Bogotá River, and the Occidental Trunk Road extending to Madrid and Facatativá. Alternatively, one may traverse Soacha from the Indumil Avenue via the Mondoñedo route, or journey from Funza via the Western Perimeter Road towards Mosquera. Augmenting these terrestrial arteries, an expansive intermunicipal bus service operates from various junctures within the capital and its environs. Furthermore, there exist connections with Zipacón and Bojacá to the southwest, as well as El Rosal and Subachoque to the north.
Concomitantly, Madrid is linked to Bogotá via the National Route 50 (Bogotá-Medellín), commencing from the Calle 80 Avenue in the capital, coursing through the Puente de Piedra sector, and culminating in the urban nexus of Madrid to the south. Prospective developments portend that Madrid shall become an integral component of the Savanna Commuter Train, interlinking Bogotá's city center with Facatativá. This ambitious endeavor will feature a dedicated station in Madrid, offering seamless integration with Bogotá's public transportation network.[19]
Symbols
Flag
The flag of Madrid serves as the official emblem encapsulating the essence of the municipality, thereby attaining the status of a municipal symbol alongside the coat of arms and anthem. Its design consists of a rectangle partitioned into three horizontal stripes of green, yellow, and white. The uppermost stripe, occupying half the width of the flag, is characterized by a verdant hue, while the middle stripe, constituting one-quarter of the width, assumes a yellow tone. Finally, the lowermost stripe, also one-quarter of the width, adopts a pristine white color. The proportions of these stripes adhere to a ratio of 2:1:1.
The symbolic significance of each chromatic component is profound. The green stripe symbolizes the municipality's agricultural pursuits, reflecting its fertile landscape and agrarian vista. In parallel, the yellow stripe epitomizes industrial endeavors and technological advancement, serving as a conduit for progress within the municipality. It further embodies the sun, a fount of illumination, as well as principles of sovereignty, harmony, and justice. The white stripe, in turn, signifies transparency, the sagacity of its populace, purity, integrity, steadfastness, vigilance, and eloquence.
Together, these chromatic elements harmoniously converge to articulate the multifaceted identity of Madrid, encapsulating its agricultural, industrial, and civic facets within the canvas of its municipal flag.[20]
Seal
The heraldic emblem of Madrid boasts a contemporaneous design, evoking stylistic nuances reminiscent of the French tradition, articulating a division into four equidistant bands. The upper left band, set against a cerulean backdrop, artfully encapsulates the seat of governance, the Casa de Gobierno, intertwined with a vignette of the Parque Pedro Fernández Madrid. In parallel, the upper right quadrant, against a golden canvas, features a tableau comprising two ears of corn, two potatoes, two carrots, and an onion—an allegorical tapestry emblematic of the municipality's agricultural prowess. Transitioning to the lower left quadrant, cast upon a crimson expanse, the presence of a book and quill scribing the annals of Madrid's history unfolds, with a particular focus on its foundational epoch in 1559, attributed to Alonso Díaz. Concluding this visual narrative, the lower right quadrant, bedecked with a verdant tableau, depicts a pastoral scene wherein a cow nurtures its calf, thereby symbolizing the municipality's livestock husbandry and dairy cultural ethos.
The superior divisions are demarcated by the resplendent tricolor of the Republic of Colombia, while the inferior segments proudly bear the flag of the department of Cundinamarca, rendered in a darker azure hue. The lateral peripheries of the shield are graced by two cornucopias, emblematic of the opulence and fecundity characterizing the municipality.
Above the crest, an eagle regally perches, embodying lofty ideals of elevation, acumen, prowess, sagacity, and strength. The visage of the eagle, depicted in frontal orientation with wings outspread, beak agape, and gaze directed towards the dexter, is embellished with a ribbon adorned in the hues of the Madrid flag. This ribbon gracefully bears the municipality's nomenclature inscribed in uppercase black lettering. A further ribbon, affixed to the shield's apex, likewise bedecked in the colors of the Madrid flag, proudly features the motto Unity - Progress - Development inscribed in bold black lettering.[20]
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