Madeleine of Valois (10 August 1520 – 7 July 1537) was a French princess who briefly became Queen of Scotland in 1537 as the first wife of King James V. The marriage was arranged in accordance with the Treaty of Rouen, and they were married at Notre-Dame de Paris in January 1537, despite French reservations over her failing health. Madeleine died in July 1537, only six months after the wedding and less than two months after arriving in Scotland, resulting in her nickname, the "Summer Queen".
Early life
Madeleine (back right) with her mother and sisters, from the Book of Hours of Catherine de'Medici.
She was frail from birth, and grew up in the warm and temperate Loire Valley region of France, rather than at Paris, as her father feared that the cold would destroy her delicate health. Together with her sister, Margaret, she was raised by her aunt, Marguerite de Navarre until her father remarried and his new wife, Eleanor of Austria, took them into her own household.[1] By her sixteenth birthday, she had contracted tuberculosis.[2]
Marriage negotiations
Three years before Madeleine's birth, the Franco-Scottish Treaty of Rouen was made to bolster the Auld Alliance after Scotland's defeat at the Battle of Flodden. A marriage between a French princess and the Scottish King was one of its provisions.[3] In April 1530, John Stewart, Duke of Albany, was appointed commissioner to finalize the royal marriage between James V and Madeleine.[4] However, as Madeleine did not enjoy good health, another French bride, Mary of Bourbon, was proposed.[5]
James V sent his herald James Atkinhead to see Mary of Bourbon,[6] and a contract was made for James to marry her. King James travelled to France in 1536 to meet Mary of Bourbon, but smitten with the delicate Madeleine, he asked Francis I for her hand in marriage. Fearing the harsh climate of Scotland would prove fatal to his daughter's already failing health, Francis I initially refused to permit the marriage.[7]
James V met Francis I and the French royal household between Roanne and Lyon on 13 October.[8] He continued to press Francis I for Madeleine's hand, and despite his reservations and nagging fears, Francis I reluctantly granted permission to the marriage only after Madeleine made her interest in marrying James very obvious. The court moved down the Loire Valley to Amboise, and to the Château de Blois, and the marriage contract was signed on 26 November 1536.[9]
In preparation for the wedding, Francis I bought clothes and furnishings for Madeleine; jewels and gold chains were supplied by Regnault Danet, linen and cloths by Marie de Genevoise and Phillipe Savelon, clothes by the tailors Marceau Goursault and Charles Lacquait, veils by Jean Guesdon, and trimmings by Victor de Laval, who also made passementerie for a bed that Francis gave the couple. The goldsmith Thibault Hotman made silver plate for Madeleine.[10][11] The merchants of the royal "argenterie", René Tardif and Robert Fichepain supplied silks and woollen cloth.[12] A quantity of gold and silver trimmings for embroidering the clothes of Madeleine and her ladies were ordered from Baptiste Dalverge, a wire-drawer.[13] A platform walkway was constructed from the Bishop's Palace to Notre-Dame de Paris.[14]
Francis I provided Madeleine with a generous dowry of 100,000 écu, and a further 30,000 francs settled on James V. According to the marriage contract made at Blois, Madeleine renounced her and any of her heirs' claims to the French throne. If James died first, Madeleine would retain for her lifetime assets including the Earldoms of Fife, Strathearn, Ross, and Orkney with Falkland Palace, Stirling Castle, and Dingwall Castle, with the Lordship of Galloway and Threave Castle.[19]
Queen of Scots
Coat of arms of Madeleine of Valois as Queen consort of Scots
In February the couple moved to Chantilly, to Senlis and Compiègne, where James received the Papal gift of hat and sword.[20][21][22] They stayed two nights at the Château de La Roche-Guyon.[23] After months of festivities and celebrations, the couple left France for Scotland from Le Havre in May 1537. The French ships were commanded by Jacques de Fountaines, Sieur de Mormoulins.[24] On 15 May, English sailors sold fish to the Scottish and French fleet off Bamburgh Head.[25] Madeleine's health deteriorated even further, and she was very sick when the royal pair landed in Scotland. They arrived at Leith at 10 o'clock on Whitsun-eve, 19 May 1537.[26]
According to John Lesley the ships were laden with her possessions;
"besides the Quenes Hienes furnitour, hinginis, and appareill, quhilk wes schippit at Newheavin and careit in Scotland, was also in hir awin cumpanye, transportit with hir majestie in Scotland, mony costlye jewells and goldin wark, precious stanis, orient pearle, maist excellent of any sort that was in Europe, and mony coistly abilyeaments for hir body, with mekill silver wark of coistlye cupbordis, cowpis, & plaite."[27]
A list or inventory of wedding presents from Francis I also survives, including Arras tapestry, cloths of estate, rich beds, two cupboards of silver gilt plate, table carpets, and Persian carpets.[28][29] Francis I also gave James V three of the ships, the Salamander, Morsicher, and Great Unicorn.[30] Madeleine took up residence at Holyrood Palace on 21 May 1537.[31]
French household in Scotland
The French courtiers who came with her to Scotland to form her household included; her former governess, Anne de Boissy Gouffier, Madame de Montreuil; Anne de Viergnon, Madame de Bren or Bron; Anne Le Maye; Marguerite de Vergondois her chamberer; Marion Truffaut, her nurse; her secretary, Jean de Langeac, Bishop of Limoges; master household, Jean de St Aubin; squires and cupbearers Charles de Marconnay and Charles du Merlier; the physician Master Partix; pages John Crammy and Pierre de Ronsard; furrier Gillan; butcher John Kenneth; barber Anthony.[32][33][34] A physician from Paris, Jacques Lecoq, set out later to join her in Scotland.[35]
Death
Madeleine wrote to her father from Edinburgh on 8 June 1537 saying that she was better and her symptoms had diminished. James V had written to Francis I asking him to send the physician Master Francisco, and Madeleine wrote that he was now needed only to perfect her cure. She signed this letter "Magdalene de France".[36] However, a month later, on 7 July 1537, (a month before her 17th birthday), Madeleine, the so-called "Summer Queen" of Scots, died in her husband's arms at Holyrood Palace.[37]
James V wrote to Francis I informing him of his daughter's death.[38] He called Madeleine "my dear companion" – votre fille, ma trés chére compaigne.[39]
Queen Madeleine was interred in Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, next to King James II of Scotland. Black mourning clothes were worn at her funeral, and an order was sent to the merchants of Dundee to provide black cloth. Her household servants were provided with "dule gowns", and horses at the procession had black cloths and trappings.[40][41] The chapel at Holyrood Palace was draped with cloth from Milan.[42] The grave was desecrated by a mob in 1776 and her allegedly still beautiful head was stolen.[43]
One of her gentlewomen, Madame de Montrueil or Motrell, visited London on her way back to France. She said that Madeleine "had no good days after her arrival there (in Scotland), but always sickly with a catarrh which descended into her stomach, which was the cause of her death".[44]
An inventory made of the king's goods in 1542 includes some of her clothes, furnishings for her chapel, six stools for her gentlewomen to sit upon, and gold cups and other items made for her when she was a child.[45]
Commemoration
Madeleine's marriage and death were commemorated by the poet David Lyndsay's Deploration of Deith of Quene Magdalene; the poem describes the pageantry of the marriage in France and Scotland:
O Paris! Of all citeis principall! Quhilk did resave our prince with laud and glorie, Solempnitlie, throw arkis triumphall. [arkis = arches] * * * * * * Thou mycht have sene the preparatioun Maid be the Thre Estaitis of Scotland In everilk ciete, castell, toure, and town * * * * * * Thow saw makand rycht costlie scaffalding Depaynted weill with gold and asure fyne * * * * * * Disagysit folkis, lyke creaturis devyne, On ilk scaffold to play ane syndrie storie Bot all in greiting turnit thow that glorie. [greiting = crying: thow = death][46]
Less than a year after her death, following negotiations completed by David Beaton, James V married the widowed Mary of Guise. She had attended his wedding to Madeleine, and perhaps her uncle, Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine, suggested her to Francis I as a bride for the Scottish king.[48] Twenty years later, listed amongst the treasures in Edinburgh Castle were two little gold cups, an agate basin, a jasper vase, and crystal jug given to Madeleine when she was a child in France.[49]
^Denys Hay, Letters of James V (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1954), pp. 289-290.
^Rosalind K. Marshall, Scottish Queens, 1034-1714 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2003), 102-103.
^Jamie Cameron, James V (East Linton: Tuckwell, 1998), 132: Peter G. B. McNeill & Hector L. MacQueen, Atlas of Scottish History to 1707 (Edinburgh, 1996), 122.
^Andrea Thomas, Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V (Edinburgh: John Donald), 185: Rosalind K. Marshall, Scottish Queens, 1034-1714 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2003), 104.
^Sally Rush, 'French Fashion in Sixteenth-Century Scotland: The 1539 Inventory of James V's Wardrobe', Furniture History, 42 (2006), 1-25.
^Louis, duc de La Trémoille, Les La Trémoille pendant cinq siècles: Charles, François et Louis III (Paris, 1894), pp. 28–29.
^Collection des ordonnances des rois de France, 1er janvier 1535 – avril 1539, 3 (Paris, November 1889), p. 276 no. 8795.
^Andrea Thomas, Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005), p. 187.
^Andrea Thomas, Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V (Edinburgh: John Donald), p. 185–6.
^Rosalind Marshall, Scottish Queens, 1034-1714 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2003), 105-6.
^Dana Bentley-Cranch & Rosalind K. Marshall, 'Iconography and Literature', Janet Hadley Williams, Stewart Style, 1513–1542 (Tuckwell, 1996), p. 279.
^Andrea Thomas, Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005), pp. 91, 187–188.
^Denys Hay, Letters of James V (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1954), pp. 325–6.
^Jamie Cameron, James V (East Linton: Tuckwell, 1998), 133: Charles Burns, 'Papal Gifts to Scottish Monarchs: The Golden Rose and the Blessed Sword', Innes Review, 20:2 (Autumn 1969), pp. 150–194. doi:10.3366/inr.1969.20.2.150
^Charles Burnett, 'Outward Signs of Majesty', Janet Hadley Williams, Stewart Style, 1513–1542 (Tuckwell, 1996), p. 292.
^Andrea Thomas, Glory and Honour: The Renaissance in Scotland (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2013), p. 186.
^James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 19.
^Jamie Cameron, James V (East Linton: Tuckwell, 1998), 133: James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 19, 24.
^Andrea Thomas, Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V (Edinburgh: John Donald), p. 189: State Papers Henry VIII, vol. 5 part 4 cont., (London, 1836), p. 79.
^Thomas Thomson ed., John Lesley's History of Scotland (Bannatyne Club, 1830), p. 299.
^Denys Hay, Letters of James V (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1954), pp. 331–2.
^Rosalind Marshall, Scottish Queens, 1034-1714 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2003), p. 108.
^Denys Hay, Letters of James V (HMSO: Edinburgh, 1954), pp. 333-334.
^Dana Bentley-Cranch & Rosalind K. Marshall, 'Iconography and Literature', Janet Hadley Williams, Stewart Style, 1513–1542 (Tuckwell, 1996), pp. 282–83.
^Perin Westerhof Nyman, 'Mourning Madeleine and Margaret: Dress and Meaning in the Memorials for Two Scottish Queens, 1537 and 1541', Scottish Historical Review, 100:3 (December 2021), pp. 359-377.
^Lucinda H. S. Dean, Death and the Royal Succession in Scotland: Ritual, Ceremony and Power (Boydell & Brewer, 2024), pp. 215–216.
^John G. Dunbar, Scottish Royal Palaces: The Architecture of the Royal Residences (Tuckwell: Historic Scotland, 1999), p. 128.
^Charles Alexander Malcolm, Holyrood (Duckworth, 1937), p. 46.
^Henry Ellis, Original Letters Illustrative of English History, series 1 vol. 2 (London, 1824), p. 109.
^Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), pp. 58, 63, 100–101: Andrea Thomas, Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V (Edinburgh: John Donald), p. 87: Rosalind Marshall, Scottish Queens, 1034-1714 (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2003), p. 108: Bruce Lenman, 'Jacobean Goldsmith-Jewellers as Credit-Creators: The Cases of James Mossman, James Cockie and George Heriot', Scottish Historical Review, 74:198 part (October 1995), p. 165.
^Hadley Williams, Janet ed., Sir David Lyndsay, Selected Poems (Glasgow: ASLS, 2000), pp. 101–108, 260–266.
^Dana Bentley-Cranch & Rosalind K. Marshall, 'Iconography and Literature', Janet Hadley Williams, Stewart Style, 1513–1542 (Tuckwell, 1996), p. 282.
^Dana Bentley-Cranch & Rosalind K. Marshall, 'Iconography and Literature', Janet Hadley Williams, Stewart Style, 1513–1542 (Tuckwell, 1996), pp. 283–84.
^Thomson, Thomas, A Collection of Inventories (Bannatyne Club, 1815), p. 63.
^ abKnecht, R.J. (1984). Francis I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.
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