MESM

MESM
Also known asSmall Electronic Calculating Machine
DeveloperSergei Alekseyevich Lebedev / Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology
Release date1950; 74 years ago (1950)
Lifespan1950–1959
CPU6,000 vacuum tubes @ 5 kHz
InputPunched cards or typed using a plug switch
Power25 kW
Dimensions8 to 10 metres (26 to 33 ft) long and about 2 metres (7 ft) tall[1]

MESM (Ukrainian: MEOM, Мала Електронна Обчислювальна Машина; Russian: МЭСМ, Малая Электронно-Счетная Машина; 'Small Electronic Calculating Machine') was the first universally programmable electronic computer in the Soviet Union. By some authors it was also depicted as the first one in continental Europe, even though the electromechanical computers Zuse Z4 and the Swedish BARK preceded it.[2]

Overview

MESM was created by a team of scientists under the direction of Sergei Alekseyevich Lebedev from the Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology in the Ukrainian SSR, at Feofaniya (near Kyiv).[2]

Initially, MESM was conceived as a layout or model of a Large Electronic Calculating Machine and letter "M" in the title meant "model" (prototype).

Work on the machine was research in nature, in order to experimentally test the principles of constructing universal digital computers. After the first successes and in order to meet the extensive governmental needs of computer technology, it was decided to complete the layout of a full-fledged machine capable of "solving real problems".[3] MESM became operational in 1950.[4][5] It had about 6,000 vacuum tubes and consumed 25 kW of power. It could perform approximately 3,000 operations per minute.[6]

Creation and operation history

Current view of the building in Feofaniya (current address: Academician Lebedev St., 19), where the MESM was developed.
  • Principal computer architecture scheme was ready by the end of 1949. As well as a few schematic diagrams of an individual blocks.
  • In 1950 the computer was mounted in a two-story building of the former hostel of a convent in Feofania, where a psychiatric hospital was located before the Second World War.
  • November 6, 1950: team performed the first test launch. Test task was:
  • January 4, 1951: First useful calculations performed. Calculate the factorial of a number, raise number in a power. Computer was shown to special commission of the USSR State Academy of Sciences. Team was led by Mstislav Keldysh.
  • December 25, 1951: Official government testing passed successfully. USSR Academy of Sciences and Mstislav Keldysh began regular operation of the MESM.
  • It was operated until 1957, and then transferred to Kyiv Polytechnic Institute for training purposes
  • 1959: MESM dismantled. Boris Malinovsky recalled:
    • “Computer was split into pieces, which were used to build series of stands, after all all of them was thrown away.”

Many of the electron tubes and other components left from MESM are stored in the Foundation for the History and Development of Computer Science and Technology in the Kiev House of Scientists of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

System specification

  • Arithmetic Logic Unit
  • Number representation
    • binary
    • fixed points 16-n bits per number plus with one sign bit
  • Instructions
    • 20 binary bits per command
      • The first 4 bits - operation code
      • The next 5 bits - first operand address another 5 it the second operand address
      • The last 6 bits - operation result address
      • Following instruction types supported
        • addition
        • add with carry
        • subtraction
        • multiplication
        • division
        • binary shifts
        • comparison taking into account mark
        • absolute value comparison
        • transfer of control
        • magnetic drum read
        • stop
  • RAM
    • Flip-flop based
    • Data and code separated
      • 31 machine words for data
      • 63 machine words for code
  • ROM
    • 31 machine words for data
    • 63 machine words for code
  • Clock rate
    • 5 kHz
  • Performance
    • About 3000 operations per minute (total time of one cycle is 17.6 ms; division operation takes from 17.6 to 20.8 ms)

The computer was built using 6000 vacuum tubes where about 3500 were triodes and 2500 were diodes. The system occupied 60 m2 (646 square feet) of space and used about 25 kW of power.

Data was read from punched cards or typed using a plug switch. It additionally could use a magnetic drum that stored up to 5000 codes of numbers or commands.

An electromechanical printer or photo device was used for output.

See also

References

  1. ^ Hally, Mike (2005). Electronic brains: Stories from the dawn of the computer age. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09630-0.
  2. ^ a b Harbour, Michael Gonzalez (1999). Reliable Software Technologies - Ada-Europe '99. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 181. ISBN 9783540660934.
  3. ^ MESM Soviet computer project marks 60 years. Engadget. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  4. ^ Graham, Loren R. (1993). Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0521287890. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24.
  5. ^ Mercier-Laurent, Eunika; Boulanger, Danielle (2014-05-23). Artificial Intelligence for Knowledge Management: First IFIP WG 12.6 International Workshop, AI4KM 2012, Montpellier, France, August 28, 2012, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. p. 2. ISBN 9783642548970.
  6. ^ Crowe, Gregory D.; Goodman, Seymour E. (1994), "S.A. Lebedev and the Birth of Soviet Computing", Annals of the History of Computing, 16, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 4–24, doi:10.1109/85.251852, S2CID 17447414

Read other articles:

Alkaios dan Sappho, sosok merah Attika kalathos, skt. 470 SM, Staatliche Antikensammlungen (Inv. 2416) Alkaios dari Metilene (/ælˈsiːəs/; bahasa Yunani: Ἀλκαῖος ὁ Μυτιληναῖος; skt. 620 – abad ke-6 SM) merupakan seorang penyair lira merupakan seorang penyair lira dari pulau Lesbos di Yunani yang berjasa dengan menemukan Stanza Alkaik. Ia termasuk di dalam daftar kanonikal Penyair Sembilan Lira oleh sarjana-sarjana Periode Helenistik Iskandariyah. Ia merupa...

 

Historical Ukrainian Cossack leader Severyn NalyvaikoHetman of Ukrainian CossacksIn office1596–1596Preceded byHryhory LobodaSucceeded byPetro Konashevych-Sahaidachny Personal detailsBornHusiatyn, Kingdom of PolandDied(1597-04-21)21 April 1597Warsaw, Poland Severyn (Semerii) Nalyvaiko (Ukrainian: Северин (Семерій) Наливайко, Polish: Seweryn Nalewajko, in older historiography also Semen Nalewajko, died 21 April 1597) was a leader of the Ukrainian Cossacks who became a h...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Kasus pemerkosaan Okinawa 1995 terjadi pada tanggal 4 September 1995, ketika tiga prajurit AS, Pelaut Angkatan Laut AS Marcus Gill serta Marinir AS Rodrico Harp dan Kendrick Ledet, yang semuanya bertugas di Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Jepang menyewa sebuah v...

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Soler. Le Soler Mairie du Soler. Blason Administration Pays France Région Occitanie Département Pyrénées-Orientales Arrondissement Perpignan Intercommunalité Perpignan Méditerranée Métropole Maire Mandat Armelle Revel Fourcade 2020-2026 Code postal 66270 Code commune 66195 Démographie Gentilé Solérien, Solérienne Populationmunicipale 7 846 hab. (2021 ) Densité 758 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 42° 40′ 58″ n...

 

Town in Telenești District, Moldova Place in MoldovaTelenești FlagSealTeleneștiLocation within MoldovaCoordinates: 47°30′10″N 28°22′0″E / 47.50278°N 28.36667°E / 47.50278; 28.36667CountryMoldovaRaion (district)TeleneștiArea • Total536 km2 (207 sq mi)Elevation96 m (315 ft)Population (2014)[1] • Total7,227 • Density13/km2 (35/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DS...

 

Шалфей обыкновенный Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:РастенияКлада:Цветковые растенияКлада:ЭвдикотыКлада:СуперастеридыКлада:АстеридыКлада:ЛамиидыПорядок:ЯсноткоцветныеСемейство:ЯснотковыеРод:ШалфейВид:Шалфей обыкновенный Международное научное наз...

Samsung Galaxy A73 5GMerekSamsung GalaxyPembuatSamsung ElectronicsSeriGalaxy AJaringanGSM / HSPA / LTE / 5G NRRilis pertama17 Maret 2022; 2 tahun lalu (2022-03-17)PendahuluSamsung Galaxy A72TerkaitSamsung Galaxy A13Samsung Galaxy A23Samsung Galaxy A33 5GSamsung Galaxy A53 5GTipePonsel cerdasFaktor bentukSlateDimensi1.637 mm (64,4 in) H 761 mm (30,0 in) W 76 mm (3,0 in) DBerat181 g (6,4 oz)Sistem OperasiAndroid 12 dengan One UI 4.1CPUOcta-core (4x2....

 

Relief with rais-de-cœur Rais-de-cœur (also known as leaf-and-dart and heart-and-dart)[1] is an ornamental motif made up of heart-shaped leaves (or waterleaves inside hearts)[2] alternating with spearheads (or darts). This motif was used in Ancient Greek and Roman architecture. It was taken up again during the Renaissance, abundantly in the 18th century, being used in the Louis XVI style.[3] The French word literally means rays (beams of light) from heart[s] (its Ita...

 

Zimbabwean daily newspaper The HeraldHerald House, HarareTypeDaily newspaperOwner(s)State-ownedPublisherZimpapersEditorHatred ZenengaFounded1892; 132 years ago (1892)LanguageEnglishHeadquartersHarare, ZimbabweCirculation60,000Websitewww.herald.co.zw The Herald is a state-owned daily newspaper published in Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe. History Origins The newspaper's origins date back to the 19th century. Its forerunner was launched on 27 June 1891 by William Fairbridge ...

County in eastern Croatia County in CroatiaOsijek-Baranja County Osječko-baranjska županijaCounty FlagCoat of armsOsijek-Baranja County within CroatiaCoordinates: 45°38′13″N 18°37′05″E / 45.637°N 18.618°E / 45.637; 18.618Country CroatiaSeatOsijekGovernment • ŽupanMato Lukić (HDZ) • Assembly 55 members • HDZ (24), HNS (3), HSS (2), HDSSB (2), HSLS (1), ABU (1) - (33)• Ind. Vladimir Šišljagić (9)• SDP (6)• MOST (4)�...

 

Italian botanist De Notaris Giuseppe De Notaris (18 April 1805, Milan – 22 January 1877) was an Italian botanist generally known for his work with cryptogams native to Italy. He studied medicine at the University of Pavia, obtaining his medical degree in 1830. Having developed an interest in botany, by 1832 he had abandoned the field of medicine. In 1836 he accepted an assignment at the botanical garden in Turin, and a few years later, was named professor of botany and director of the botan...

 

豪栄道 豪太郎 場所入りする豪栄道基礎情報四股名 澤井 豪太郎→豪栄道 豪太郎本名 澤井 豪太郎愛称 ゴウタロウ、豪ちゃん、GAD[1][2]生年月日 (1986-04-06) 1986年4月6日(38歳)出身 大阪府寝屋川市身長 183cm体重 160kgBMI 47.26所属部屋 境川部屋得意技 右四つ・出し投げ・切り返し・外掛け・首投げ・右下手投げ成績現在の番付 引退最高位 東大関生涯戦歴 696勝493敗...

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع تافيلالت (توضيح). تافيلالت واحة بانوراما لواحة تافيلالت، منظر من قصر تنغراس (الريصاني). الإحداثيات 31°19′26″N 4°15′27″W / 31.323888888889°N 4.2575°W / 31.323888888889; -4.2575   تقسيم إداري  بلد  المغرب  جهة جهة درعة تافيلالت  إقليم إقليم الراشيدية معل...

 

American television producer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by ...

 

Australian pay TV channel This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Television channel DocosCountryAustraliaProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishPicture format1080i (HDTV 16:9)OwnershipOwnerFoxtel NetworksSister channelsFoxtel Networks channelsHistoryLaunched1 September 2021ReplacedFoxtel ArtsFormer na...

Seattle SuperSonicsPallacanestro Segni distintiviUniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Terza divisa Colori socialiVerde, giallo e bianco               Dati societariCittàSeattle (WA) Nazione Stati Uniti CampionatoNBA ConferenceWestern Conference DivisionNorthwest Division Fondazione1967 Scioglimento2008 DenominazioneSeattle SuperSonics1967-2008Oklahoma City Thunder2008-presente ImpiantoClimate Pledge Arena(17 072 posti) Palmarè...

 

匈牙利语人名顺序为先姓后名。本条目中的译名遵从此顺序。 托特考·尚多尔出生1994年7月27日  (29歲)邁澤圖爾 就讀學校Edutus University 職業kayaker  托特考·尚多尔(匈牙利語:Tótka Sándor,1994年7月27日—),匈牙利男子皮划艇运动员。他曾代表匈牙利参加2016年和2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会皮划艇比赛,其中2020年奥运会获得一枚金牌。[1] 参考资料 ^ Sándor...

 

Chemical compound MabuterolClinical dataOther namesMabuterolum; PB 868ClIdentifiers IUPAC name 1-[4-amino-3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-(tert-butylamino)ethanol CAS Number56341-08-3PubChem CID3995ChemSpider3857UNIIR4K19W6S7QChEBICHEBI:135325ChEMBLChEMBL86749CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID3048283 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC13H18ClF3N2OMolar mass310.75 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES Clc1cc(cc(c1N)C(F)(F)F)C(O)CNC(C)(C)C InChI InChI=1S/C13H18ClF3N2O/c1-12(2,...

German rapper This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (March 2021) BushidoBushido in 2018Background informationBirth nameAnis Mohamed Youssef FerchichiAlso known asSonny BlackBorn (1978-09-28) 28 September 1978 (age 45)Bonn, West GermanyOriginBerlin, West GermanyGenres Hip hop gangsta rap Occupation(s)Rapper, producer, entrepreneurYear...

 

القاعة الوطنية للمخترعين المشاهير   الاختصار NIHF البلد الولايات المتحدة  المقر الرئيسي 3701 هايلاند بارك شمال غرب كانتون، أوهايو 44720 تاريخ التأسيس 1973 النوع منظمة غير ربحية الاهتمامات تكريم النساء والرجال المسؤولين عن التقدم التكنولوجي العظيم الذي يجعل التقدم البشري و�...