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Ma was a Hungarian magazine connected with the Magyar Aktivizmus (Hungarian Activism) artistic group whose title not only reflects their initials but also means "today". It was founded in 1916 in Budapest by Lajos Kassák, who continued to publish it in exile in Vienna until 1925.

History

Origins

MA was launched after a previous journal A Tett ("The Action") had been banned by the prosecutor's office in October 1916. The first issue was published the following month.^[1] From 1917 Béla Uitz joined the editorial team followed by Sándor Bortnyik, Jolán Simon, Sándor Barta and Erzsi Újvári.^[1]

Under the Hungarian Soviet Republic

Following the Aster Revolution, the MA activists were critical of Mihály Károlyi's government. They agitated for a communist revolution publishing special issues in support of revolutionary change.^[2] When the Hungarian Soviet Republic was established on 21 March 1919, at first it seemed that the MA group would play an important role in the new regime as Kassák and Uitz had positions in the directorates of literature and art.^[2] However, when they refused to subordinate their work to the control of the Party of Communists in Hungary, they were attacked by the Hungarian Social Democrats, which accused György Lukács, the Deputy Commissar for Public Education, of wasting money on their "incomprehensible" and "formalist" avant-garde art.^[2] Béla Kun also denounced the MA group as a product of "bourgeois decadence". Therefore, the art of MA was politically contested. In July 1919, the regime faced a chronic shortage in paper, and the MA (as well as other periodicals) was discontinued. Kassák left for Lake Balaton when MA was suspended. In August, following the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, he was imprisoned, only being released in the winter thanks to the intervention of his partner, Jolán Simon. He then escaped to Vienna.^[2]

In Vienna

Kassák refounded the magazine in Vienna on May 1, 1920. He continued to publish it there until December 1, 1925. 33 issues were produced during this period. It was based Kassak's rented room in Hietzing, although he did a lot of editorial work in nearby cafés.^[2] The magazine generally contained articles written in Hungarian, yet Kassák was aiming at an international readership. His first programmatic text in exile was addressed to "all artists of the world".^[2] This increased level of interaction globally led Kassák to evolve his theoretical views, abandoning Expressionism in favour of Dadaism and Constructivism.^[2] Kassák wrote to the Zürich Dada Movement, and received a number of periodicals from Tristan Tzara.

On 20 November 1920 MA sponsored a "Russian Evening" featuring a slide show and lecture by Konstantin Umansky.^[3]

In 1926 Kassák returned to Budapest and founded the journal Dokumentum which he saw as a successor to MA. However it was discontinued after only five issues.

Contributors

Contributors include:

Writers

Hans Arp
Sándor Barta
Blaise Cendrars
Jean Cocteau
Alexic Dragan
Claire Goll
Vicente Huidobro
Richard Huelsenbeck
Ernő Kállai (under the pseudonym Péter Mátyás)
Fernand Léger
Franz Liebhard
Ljubomir Micić
Gorham Munson
Nikolai Punin
Hans Richter
Andor Sugar

Artists

References

^ ^a ^b "Kassák Múzeum | Lajos Kassák (1887-1967)". Kassak Museum (in Hungarian). Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Szeredi, Merse Pál. "New Art – The Vienna Edition of MA in the International Networks of Avant-Garde (Kassákism 1.), Petőfi Literary Museum, 13 October 2017 – 25 February 2018". Academia.eu. Petőfi Literary Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ Botar, Oliver (1997). Marquardt, Virginia (ed.). "From Avant-Garde to "Proletkult" in Hungarian Emigre Politico-Cultural Journals, 1922-1924". Art and Journals on the Political Front, 1910-1940. University Press of Florida: 100–141.