Ludo

An early commercial Ludo board
Years active	Since c. 1896
Genres	Board game Race game Dice game
Players	2–4
Playing time	< 90 min
Chance	High (dice rolling)
Age range	3+
Skills	Strategy, tactics, counting, probability

Ludo (/ˈljuːdoʊ/; from Latin ludo '[I] play') is a strategy-based board game for two to four^[a] players, in which the players race their four tokens from start to finish according to the rolls of a single die. Like other cross and circle games, Ludo originated from the Indian game Pachisi.^[1] The game and its variations are popular in many countries and under various names.

Pachisi was created in India in the sixth century CE. It was modified to use a cubic die with a die cup and patented as "Ludo" in England in 1896.^[b][2][3]The origin of Ludo is from Hindu Mythology, the Mahabharata Tale, which Ludo was known as Pachisi or “Pasha.” The Mahabharata tale tells a story of a war between two families, the Pandavas and the Kauravas. Although there is no true answer the Ludo was found on historic Ellora Caves in Maharashtra linking mythology to this game. Some say that Alfred Colier invented Ludo but there is evidence that proves that Ludo was from the royal court of Akbar. Colier tried to own the right to Ludo in 1891, renaming his ludo as “Royal Ludo.” ^[4] Colier was granted that right on the Ludo and gave others duplicates of his version of the game. The Royal Navy took Ludo and converted it into the board game Uckers.^[5]

Special areas of the Ludo board are typically coloured bright yellow, green, red, and blue. Each player is assigned a colour and has four tokens^[c] in their colour. The board is normally square with a cross-shaped playspace, with each arm of the cross having three columns of squares, usually six per column. The middle columns usually have five squares coloured; these represent a player's home column. A sixth coloured square not on the home column is a player's starting square. At the centre of the board is a large finishing square, often composed of coloured triangles atop the players' home columns (thus depicting "arrows" pointing to the finish).

Two, three, or four can play, without partnerships.^[d] At the beginning of the game, each player's four tokens are out of play and staged in the player's yard (one of the large corner areas of the board in the player's colour). When able to, the players enter their tokens one per turn on their respective starting squares and proceed to race them clockwise around the board along the game track (the path of squares not part of any player's home column). When reaching the square below their home column, a player continues by moving tokens up the column to the finishing square. The rolls of a single die^[7][8] control the swiftness of the tokens, and entry to the finishing square requires a precise roll from the player. The first to bring all their tokens to the finish wins the game. The others often continue to play to determine second-, third-, and fourth-place finishers.

Each player rolls a die; the highest roller begins the game. Players alternate turns in a clockwise direction. To enter a token into play from its yard to its starting square, a player must roll a six.^[7][8] Players can draw a token from home every time they get a six unless home is empty or move a piece six times. The start box has two own tokens (is doubled). If the player has no tokens yet in play and rolls other than a six, the turn passes to the next player.

Players must always move a token according to the die value rolled. Once players have one or more tokens in play, they select a token and move it forwards along the track the number of squares indicated by the die. If a token advances onto a spot occupied by opponent's token then the opposing token is returned to its respective home point. This forces the opponent to roll another 6 to take it out of their home and move it again.^[9] If a token advances onto a spot occupied by a token of the same colour, then they create something that is called a "block".^[6] If an opposing token lands on the same spot as the block, the advancing token is returned to its respective home point.^[9][10][11]

If the player cannot draw a token from home, rolling a six earns the player an additional or "bonus" roll in that turn. If the bonus roll results in a six again, the player earns again an additional bonus roll.^[e] If the third roll is also a six, the player may not move and the turn immediately passes to the next player.

A player's home column squares are always safe, since no opponent may enter them. In the home column, a player cannot jump over; after one rotation is completed, the player must enter the home and roll the exact number needed to get each token onto the home triangle.

Ludo exists under different names and brands, and in various game derivations:^[12]

• Pachisi, Indian
• Uckers, British^[13]
• Fia, Swedish
• Eile mit Weile (Haste makes Pace), Swiss
• Cờ cá ngựa, Vietnamese
• Parchís, Spanish
• Parqués, Colombian
  • Vuelta obligada (mandatory restart)
  • Cielo robado (stolen heaven)
  • De piedra en piedra (from stone to stone)
  • Con Policía (With Policeman)

Mensch ärgere Dich nicht (Man, Don't Become Annoyed), is a German game from 1914 and has equivalent names in Albanian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Dutch, Greek, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, and Turkish.

• "Mens erger je niet" (Dutch)
• "Non t'arrabbiare" (Italian)
• "Človek, ne jezi se" (Slovenian)
• "Člověče, nezlob se" (Czech)
• "Čovječe, ne ljuti se" (Croatian)
• "Човече не љути се" (Serbian)
• "Kızma Birader" (Turkish)
• "Не се сърди, човече" (Bulgarian)
• "Człowieku, nie irytuj się", also known as "Chińczyk"^{[14][circular reference]} (Polish)
• "Nu te supăra, frate" (Romanian)

• Verliere nicht den Kopf (Do not lose your head)
• Mensch ärgere dich nicht (Don't get angry)
• Coppit
• Brändi Dog (Swiss German)

• Jeu des petits chevaux

Hasbro has multiple brand names for ludo-like games from its acquisitions including:

• Aggravation^[15]
• Headache
  • Game of Headache, British^[16]
• Based on Pachisi
  • Parcheesi, North American
  • Sorry!; North American and British^[17][18][19]
• Trouble, North American
  • Kimble, Finnish version of Trouble
  • Frustration, British and Irish version of Trouble^[20]

• Aeroplane chess: A Chinese cross-and-circle board game derived from Ludo, it uses aeroplanes as tokens, with additional features such as coloured cells, jumps, and shortcuts.

• Tock: Players race their four tokens (or marbles) around the game board from start to finish, with the objective being to be the first to take all of one's tokens "home". Like Sorry!, it is played with playing cards rather than dice.

The Latvian version of the game is called "Riču-Raču". The board is larger than the original board with seven home spaces instead of four (but the player must always reach the four farthest home spaces anyway, if the player overrolls, then they must move the extra spaces back and wait for their next turn). Captures are allowed and two tokens cannot occupy the same space. If a player rolls a one or a six, they can either get a second roll or move a token to the starting position.

• Ludo played in the Indian subcontinent features a safe square in each quadrant, normally the fourth square from the top in the rightmost column. These squares are usually marked with a star. In India Ludo is often played with two dice, and rolling 1 on a die also allows a token to enter active play. Thus if a player rolls a 1 and a 6, they may get a token out and move it six steps.
• In Pakistan, a variation that uses two dice allows backwards movement. The dice are rolled and the die values can be used independently or in combination to move two pieces or a single piece forwards or backwards or both. (E.g., if the roll gives 1 and 4, the player can move a single piece 4 steps forwards and then 1 step backwards, or 1 step forwards and 4 steps backwards, or 1 then 4 steps forwards or backwards. Or the player can move a piece 1 step forwards or backwards, and another piece 4 steps forwards or backwards.)
• To get a game started faster, some house rules allow a player with no pieces on the board to bring their first piece into play on any roll, on a 1 or a 6, or allow multiple tries to roll a 6 (with three rolls being the most popular).
• If a piece lands on the same space as another piece of the same colour, the moved piece must take the preceding space.
• Some variations permit doubled blocks to be passed by rolling a 6 or 1.
• A block of two or more pieces cannot be taken by an opponent's single piece.^[21]
• Doubled pieces may move half the number if an even number is thrown (e.g. move two spaces if a 4 is thrown).
• A doubled piece may capture another doubled piece (like in Coppit). Three pieces together are weak and can be cut by a single piece.
• A board may have only four spaces in each home column. All four of a player's pieces must finish in these spaces for the player to have finished the game. (See Mensch ärgere dich nicht.)
• A player must move all the numbers rolled (e.g. if a player rolls multiple 6s, they have to use all the numbers to move).
• A player cannot capture or enter finish if they have numbers remaining. (E.g., if a player rolls a 6 and a 2 and they have the option to capture or enter finish with one of their pieces using the 2, they can only do so if they have another piece that can use the 6.)
• To speed the game up, extra turns or bonus moves can be awarded for capturing a piece or getting a piece home; these may grant passage past a block.
• In Denmark and some other countries the board has eight spaces marked with a globe and eight with a star. The globes are safe spaces where a piece cannot be captured. The exception is that a player who has not yet entered all pieces, can always enter a piece on a roll of 6. If the entry space is occupied by another player's piece, that piece is captured. Otherwise the entry spaces work like the other globe spaces. A piece which would have landed on a star instead moves to the next star.
• In Vietnam, it is called "Cờ cá ngựa", where the game is modeled after a horse race with the tokens modeled as horse heads. In this variation, a 1 is given equal status to a 6 (meaning that the player can enter a token into play and can roll again). Furthermore, once a player's token reaches their home column, it can only go up each square with an exact roll. This means that a person outside the column must roll a 1 to enter the first square, a 2 afterwards to enter the second, and so forth.

In some parts of Africa including Nigeria, Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho and South Africa, the following rules are reportedly played:

• A doubled block also blocks trailing pieces of the player who created the block, or blocks them unless they roll the exact number to land on the block; additionally, the doubled block cannot move forwards until the block that landed upon it moves off again. This reduces the tactical advantage of a block and makes the game more interesting.
• If the two players sitting opposite are partners, the players can exchange numbers.
• There are four safety squares on the board, like castle squares in Pachisi, as well as the safe home squares, where a piece may able to move forwards or backwards and start their turn before previous player finishes.
• A piece landing on a square with an opponent's piece not only sends the opponent piece back to the starting area but also sends the landing piece to its home square.
• A player cannot move their first piece into the home column unless they have captured at least one piece of any of the opponents.
• If a player captures the piece of another player, they are awarded a bonus roll. If in the bonus roll, another player's piece is captured, another bonus roll is awarded and so on.

• Ashta Chamma
• Pachisi
• List of chess variants
• Ludo King
• Ludo (2020 Film)
• Zupee (Ludo)

• Bell, R. C. (1983). The Boardgame Book. Exeter Books. ISBN 0-671-06030-9.
• Diagram Group (1975). Ruth Midgley (ed.). The Way to Play. Paddington Press Ltd. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-8467-0060-3.
• Grunfeld, Frederic V., ed. (1975). Games of the World. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-015261-5.
• Murray, H. J. R. (1978). A History of Board-Games Other than Chess (Reissued ed.). Hacker Art Books Inc. ISBN 0-87817-211-4.
• Parlett, David (1999). The Oxford History of Board Games. Oxford University Press Inc. ISBN 0-19-212998-8.

Attribution

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Petits-Chevaux". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 308.

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